مجله دانشکده پزشکی اصفهان
پیاپی 582 (هفته دوم شهریور 1399)

Panoramic radiography and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) are the two methods used widely in dental radiology. In this research, the mean dose-area product (DAP) for two groups including adult and pediatric (5-10 years old) was compared in the two methods.

 In this experimental study, the data from 251 patients of seven panoramic systems and one CBCT system related to Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences (Yazd Province, Iran) was investigated. For each patient, the information including DAP values and other scan parameters for the two age groups were evaluated.

 The mean value of DAP in panoramic and CBCT systems in adult groups was 91.22 ± 6.47 and 943.8 ± 8.96 mGy.cm2</sup>, respectively. This value in pediatric groups was 55.4 ± 13.5 and 63 ± 0.0 mGy.cm2</sup>, respectively. The average of DAP value in the CBCT method in adult and pediatric groups was higher about 9 and 12 folds, respectively, compared to the panoramic examination. In addition, this value was higher significantly in adult patients in comparison to pediatrics (P < 0.05).

 Due to the wide and high exposure parameters in CBCT than panoramic, the DAP value from this method was higher especially in pediatric patients. Therefore, clinicians should consider their attention in requesting CBCT.

The aim of present study was to evaluate the rate and causes of mortality of under-5-year-old children in a 7-year period.

This retrospective cross-sectional study was performed in 2019. The data about mortality of under-5-year-old children were collected in districts covered by Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (MUI), Isfahan, Iran, between the years 2012 and 2018. The data gathered as census from the database of family and population group in the provincial health center. We evaluated all the data of deaths and their causes.

The neonatal mortality rate ranged between 6.56 and 7.34 per 1000 live births during the study period. The most common causes of neonatal deaths were malformations, respiratory distress syndrome, and sepsis, respectively. The infantile mortality rate aged less than 12 months ranged 9.01 and 10.24 per 1000 live births. The mortality rate of children between 1 and 59 months old reduced from 4.6 to 4.27 per 1000 live births. The most common causes of death in 1-59-month-old children were cardiovascular diseases, accidents, and neurological diseases, respectively. Under-5 mortality rate reduced from 11.79 to 10.83 per 1000 live births.

In studied 7-year period, the trend of less than 5 years old mortality rate decreased in regions that covered by Isfahan University of Medical Sciences.

Non-communicable chronic diseases (NCD) are of the biggest health problems in Iran. The main purpose of this article was to review the latest scientific findings on physiological and functional effects, and mechanisms related to physical activity and exercise by preventing non-communicable chronic diseases, and finally, developing strategies of physical activity.

In this narrative review study, published articles about the subject were gathered from valid websites and databases with key words of physical activity, exercise, non-communicable chronic diseases, and Iran.

A low level of physical activity has been identified as the fourth leading cause of death worldwide. Regular physical activities would prevent cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, some cancers, high blood pressure, obesity, and depression. According to the latest national studies on risk factors of non-communicable disease in Iran, being sedentary has increased in adults from 35.0% to 39.1%. Physical activities and exercise are the main interventions to prevent these diseases.

It seems that obesity, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and type 2 diabetes are greatly improved, when a part of the prevention and treatment program is physical activity and exercise. Strong epidemiological and clinical evidence suggest that physical activity reduces the risk of more than 35 different disorders, and it is the most accessible and inexpensive way to prevent death and disability caused by non-communicable diseases.