فصلنامه جاده
سال بیست و هشتم شماره 3 (پیاپی 104، پاییز 1399)

Railway systems just like any other systems require optimized and exact planning to use maximum system capacity. Train timetabling is one the most important programs in railway systems that has a great deal of impact on other operations and programs. In years, there have been a lot of researchers who have been studying about this subject. Meanwhile, over recent years and because of the railway systems getting more complicated, using of uncertainty models are more focused by researchers. Stochastic programming is one the oldest current approaches for considering the uncertainty between all other techniques. In fact stochastic programming intends to realize models and results by considering stochastic parameters in real world. After studying the current models in the literature, we presented a two stage stochastic program according to Iranian railways conditions and constraints. The model intends to minimize trip times of trains at the first stage and minimize delays which occur over segment running time fluctuations at the second stage. The model has been implemented on one of the double tracks in Iranian railways, and the result has been compared with the current time table at the end. The results show that it still is necessary to add slack times in current time tables to minimize delays over segment running time fluctuations.

The low resistance of asphalt mixtures to dynamic loads results in fatigue cracks, rutting, and ultimately reduced service life of the pavement. Hence, advanced countries are looking for new ways to build and maintain roads, as well as efforts to use new technologies to upgrade old pavements, indicating the attention of these countries to maintaining the status of roads at the optimum level. One of the methods for modifying bituminous and asphalt mixtures is the use of a variety of additives. The additives are used because bitumen cannot be used in all Weather and loading conditions. Iran, with its four season climate, experiences special weather effects on most of the development projects. Road pavement is one of the most influential projects in this regard. In addition to testing, using an artificial neural network can be a good solution to reduce costs and time to results evaluation. In this paper, along with the study of the effects of various additives on the functional properties of asphalt mixtures, the use of artificial neural network to predict the different properties of asphalt mix is also discussed.

Nowadays, transportation is an essential requirement for citizens, which causes many traffic and health problems. According to several problems rising by motorized vehicle usage, transportation planners are trying to persuade people to use active transportation modes such as walking. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate the effective factors on walking behavior. This paper reviews the effective factors on the tendency of citizens to walk more on their daily trips. Studies showed that there are four main effective factors including socio-economic characteristics (e.g., gender, age, income, and vehicle car ownership), trip characteristics (e.g., distance, and time of trip), environmental factors (e.g., density, diversity, design, destination accessibility, and distance to transit), and subjective factors (e.g., attitudes, and perceptions). According to the literature, this paper shows that environmental and subjective factors are the most effective. Therefore, it could be suggested that planners consider these two factors simultaneously in their policymaking. Further investigations depict a research gap in walking studies that suggest researchers can concentrate on different trip purposes by considering the above-mentioned factors simultaneously, especially in developing countries.

The system of transportation of the anatomy of the arteries and arteries forms the urban life. And it is responsible for the movement of people and goods. A dynamic transport system can be a community development center. If it is not well designed and designed, it can lead to a network of services that ignores the changing and up-to-date needs, intensifying the situation of the poor, and harming the environment to exceed the general financial capability. Meanwhile, Tehran metropolitan area is now the main political, economic and social capital of Iran. It is involved with acute transport problems. Compressed traffic and intense air pollution are only part of those consequences. This is why the study seeks to prioritize travel demand management policies (TDM) to improve the city of Tehran. The research method is descriptive-analytic and based on Delphi's views. Therefore, firstly, the management policies demanded by the criteria of sustainable transport were extracted from different sources. They were graded by experts and then analyzed using Hierarchical Hierarchy Analysis (AHP) and Expert Rating software. The results indicate that in the current conditions of the Tehran metropolis, the attention paid to improving sustainable transport infrastructure such as bicycles, pedestrians and improving the quality of public transport fleet can have a better performance. In the next stage, economic instruments are the cost of using cars. One will attract citizens' desire for public transportation. At the next level, land use management can be used in the new development of the city of Tehran or the restoration of worn-out areas and, finally, the implementation of programs by removing unnecessary trips can be Apply in the first double window.

Transportation is a basic humanitarian need in which, under the aviation sector, the youngest, safest and most modern means of transportation. Basically, the passengers needing information about that company and its services to select an airline company. The main objective of this research is to determine the socio-economic factors associated with the desire of citizens to travel with airline companies in Kermanshah province. The method of conducting this research is survey type. The statistical population consists of citizens who travel to airlines using 6 airline companies (Sky, Iran Air, Zagros, Qeshm Air, Caspian, Iran Air) in Kermanshah, where the number of citizens is almost The week length is approximately 5,000 people, using the Morgan table, 291 people have been selected through available sampling. The results of the research show that there is a significant relationship between socioeconomic factors, social trust, customer satisfaction, quality of service, information about specific companies, travel destination, delay in flights and social class with a desire to travel

In this research, the effectiveness of installing night lighting in rural roads was evaluated. To this end, a number of rural roads of Ilam province have been selected. Two axes have been selected as the counter group and two axes as the comparison group. Crash data of four years has been collected. The collected data is analyzed according to before and after study with comparison group for studying crash reduction and benefit/cost method for economic analysis. For accurately estimating the effectiveness, the predicted crashes on improved and comparison sites were used. These predictions were done using the prediction model of crashes in rural two-way roads, and then the results were calibrated for local conditions using the crash modification factor related to lighting installation and also the model calibration method. By applying different stages of the method, the results show a 28% reduction in the frequency of overnight crashes after lighting installation. The statistical significance test indicates the accuracy of the result at 90% confidence level. The results demonstrate an acceptable effectiveness of lighting installation in reduce overnight crashes. The results of the economic evaluation of lighting installation in this study indicate that lighting installing has been successful in improving safety. The ratio of the benefit to the total cost of lighting installing on two counter sites is 1700 to 1. This value indicates that the benefits gained in Rial value are much higher than the annual costs of lighting installation during a 15-year period and about 1700 times.

Productivity on administration departments has attracted attention of many people and there are many researches in this field. In this paper, productivity of administration department of Iran is studied, using mathematical formulas, which are based on the structure of the most of the administration departments. As a case study administration department of Road and Building ministry in Kermanshah, a large city in Iran is studied, using interview with its personnel. Referring method in this department is based on a tree structure, from managers to businesspersons. Mathematical relations of productivity and duration of accomplishing the referred jobs are sensitivity analyzed and it is shown that, by increasing the number of refers and decreasing the probability of understanding the jobs, productivity is decreased and average duration of accomplishing the referred jobs is increased exponentially. Based on these results, it is suggested that managers try to refer the jobs directly to the related personals to reduce the number of refers and pay more attention for explaining the considered jobs to increase the probability of doing jobs as they are desired.

Airports are one of the most important critical centers invaded by the enemy during wars. Therefore, in critical circumstances, the need for rapid development of the airport in order to operate fighter aircraft, military strikes, the transfer of military equipment and manpower and other factors is necessary. This study examines the materials, technologies, and manufacturing methods that have been used to construct the airport so far. For this purpose, rapid soil analysis, rapid quality assurance of soil, requirements for designing aggregate-surfaced airfield pavements, rapid soil stabilization methods for use in the rapid construction of airport pavement, application of the matting systems in rapid construction and development of the helipads, airfield parking ramps and taxiways, runway, hanger, remote pilot aircraft, as well as the feasibility of using cold asphalt mixtures in the rapid construction of airfield parking ramps and taxiways and factors affecting the rutting resistance of cold asphalt mixtures is assessed.

Road transport infrastructure is one of the national assets that have been developed over the years according to the needs and facilities available. At the same time, studies show that the current situation of the country's roads is undesirable in terms of quantity and quality. On the one hand, the development of new roads is facing a shortage of resources, and on the other hand, the existing roads are not of good quality and their maintenance attracts a significant part of the resources. Also, the budget allocated for roads maintenance has not been sufficient due to the increasing expansion of related infrastructure. Therefore, considering the importance of the issue, the purpose of this article is to identify sustainable sources of income for the Iran Road Maintenance & Transportation Organization. Studies show that the most important sources of revenue for the road sector in various countries are fuel taxes as well as vehicle tolls. Also, new sources of income in the field of road transport have been identified and the economic effects of the application of fuel tax (in favor of transportation) on the Iranian economy have been examined.  The results show that changes in the prices of fuel products (gasoline and diesel fuel) have a significant effect on inflation in the Iranian economy. Also, this value for the price of diesel fuel is 0.1 for the short term and 0.18 in the long term. According to the obtained results, the effect of increasing the price of gasoline on inflation is more than the effect of increasing the price of diesel fuel.

The problems of urban freight transport have become an important issue in urban management in recent years. Surveys of different groups involved in urban freight transportation, in addition to receiving various opinions and understanding their problems and concerns, will find appropriate implementation methods for management. This paper aims to analyze urban freight problems from the perspective of different groups. For this purpose, 478 questionnaires were collected in the form of face-to-face and online interviews from different groups in Tehran. More than 90% of citizens consider air pollution and accidents as the most important problems of urban freight transport, while more than 40% of freight operators considered low fare and improper handling of goods as the most important. The main problems for drivers were the high maintenance costs and the lack of a union to defend their rights. Two statistical methods of weighted average responses and concordance analysis were used to prioritize the problem from the point of view of managers, experts and citizens. Results of both methods similarly showed that environmental protection, increasing safety and providing municipal revenue from sustainable sources are the most important priorities of managers and experts. From the citizens' point of view, maintaining the quality of cargo has replaced the provision of municipal revenue from sustainable sources. Results show differences in the main concerns of different groups. For instance, the goal of providing municipal revenue from sustainable sources is the least important from the citizens' point of view, while the lack of stable revenue has caused Tehran Municipality to receive tolls to cover the current expenses of the city with the uneven sprawl of the city. This issue is considered very important by experts because of the awareness of the consequences of unsustainable urban development compared to citizens.

A strategy map is a tool that communicates between the strategy desired by the organization and between the processes and systems that contribute to strategy implementation. This tool makes it easy for the organization's staff to see how their businesses and activities are connected to the goals of the organization, and coordinates them for their work. In this research, by identifying the causal relationships between strategic goals, designing and mapping the strategy of the Qom Railway Administration. So, first, we examine the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats and themes of the strategy, as well as the extent of coverage of SWOT points by the strategy's themes. Then, the extent of the impact of each level goal has been achieved on its level goals and on the impact of each level goal on higher-level goals. Finally, a strategy map for the Qom Railway Administration has been drawn up. Then, in order to prioritize the strategic objectives, the logarithmic fuzzy preferences programming method has been used. Based on the results of this study, profits among financial goals, reducing delays between goals of domestic processes, increasing the load between the goals of customers and empowering operational staff among growth and learning goals ranked first.

One of the significant development indicators in each region is the existence of various transport systems and their accessibility. Among the various transportation methods, railroad transport due to unique advantages has attracted the attention of country policy makers. And the development of the railways network is on the agenda. To expand the railway networks, construction of railway tracks on the loose subgrades is one of the inevitable issues. Among the various soil improvement methods, stone columns due to implementation and economic efficiency are of interest. These methods increase the bearing capacity and reduce the settlement of the loose subgrade soil and improve operation quality. In this investigation has studied the influence of presence of stone columns in term of reduce the dynamic response of loose sandy subgrade soil under the train path. This investigation results show that stone columns the maximum reduce in the vibration parameters of loose sandy subgrade soil such as vertical displacement, amplitude range of vertical velocity and acceleration are respectively 19/20, 27/85 and 41/74 percent.