نشریه دانشور پزشکی
پیاپی 148 (شهریور 1399)

Ever since the creation of mankind, there have been different and variable viewpoints about the aspects of the human being. Words such as "Body", "Psyche", "Soul" and "Spirit" have usually been employed regarding human by philosophers, religious scholars, physicians, psychiatrists, and psychologists. Hippocrates, Plato, Aristotle, Galen, Rhazes, Avicenna, Engle, and World Health Organization have each pointed to some aspects of the human being. In this article, we have alluded to Quranchr('39')s point of view of humanity. We believe that at this moment, it is time to propose a five-dimensional model of humanity to address the formation of his personality and the causes of his illnesses: a) Materialistic (bodily or physically), b) Psychologically or mentally,  c) Selfdom or predisposition, d) Environmental or socially, e) Spirituality or soul.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine and metabolic disorders in premenopausal women. Opioid drugs, including morphine are effective inducers of the PCOS. Hyperprolactinemia also increases the likelihood of this complication. The dopamine, the inhibitor of prolactin secretion, has receptors in the ovarian tissue. In this study, metoclopramide was used as a dopamine receptor antagonist (D2) to survey the interaction of dopamine with morphine.

48 female Wistar rats were studied as virgins (and under the diestrus phase) in the weight range of 220-250 g. The first group received morphine (5 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. The second to fourth groups received metoclopramide (1, 2, 4 mg/kg). In groups 5 to 7, the antagonist (1, 2, 4 mg/kg) with morphine (5 mg/kg) was injected over a period of 20 minutes. The control group received only saline (1 ml/kg). Forty-eight hours after drug administration, the animals underwent surgery and the ovaries and uterus were examined. Statistical analysis was performed by analysis of variance.

The ovaries showed a polycystic view in the morphine group. There were no cystic structures in the metoclopramide groups, but the number of ovarian cysts increased in the metoclopramide+morphine recipient groups. There was a relative increase in uterine diameter due to morphine injection which returned in combination with the antagonist.

Metoclopramide may have increased morphine-induced cystogenesis in the ovary by inhibiting dopamine receptors and increasing the prolactin effect.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of pumpkin seed and endurance training on oxidative stress factors and DNA damage of slow-twitch muscle tissue in male rats poisoned with hydrogen peroxide.

A total of 48 adult male rats weighing 220±20 g at eight weeks were administered in accordance with stress interventions (hydrogen peroxide), pumpkin seed and endurance training. To induce oxidative stress, intraperitoneal injection of H2O2 at a dose of 2 mmol/kg was performed three times a week. Inoculation of pumpkin seeds was performed at 0.5 μg per day with intraperitoneal injection at a concentration of 300000 U/ml. The training groups performed daily aerobic exercise on a treadmill for 8 weeks, the endurance training protocol started at a speed of 8 m/min and a slope of 10 degrees for 30 minutes on the treadmill in the first week and gradually at a speed of 20 m/min at an angle of ten. The degree reached 60 minutes in the eighth week. Data were analyzed using repeated- measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test at the level of α = 0.05.

The results of the present study showed that training and receiving pumpkin seeds separately has a significant effect on ATP, ADP, ATP / ADP ratio, MDA and PAB of horseshoe muscle (P= 0.001); But the interaction between training and pumpkin seeds did not have a significant effect only on MDA of soleus muscle (P = 0.025) but had a significant effect on other variables (P = 0.001).

Taking pumpkin seed supplement along with endurance training can reduce oxidative stress in the body.

High-intensity interval training reduces diabetic cardiomyopathy by regulating gene expression in patients with diabetes. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of two types of high intensity interval training on the expression of collagen 1, 2 and SMAD/3 genes in the left ventricle of male rats with type 2 diabetes.

The present study was experimental. For this purpose, 28 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: type 1 high-intensity interval training (HIIT1:1), type 2 high-intensity interval training (HIIT2:1), diabetic control (DC), and non-diabetic control (NC). Diabetes was induced in all groups except non-diabetic control group by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) after 12 hours of overnight fasting. 24 hours after the last training and recovery session, their left ventricle was extracted. Plasma glucose concentration was measured by the glucose oxidase method, ELISA method was used to measure the insulin levels, and the HOMA-IR method was used to measure the insulin resistance index. A real-time PCR technique was used to evaluate the gene expression of the collagens 1 , 2 , and SMAD/3 genes. Results were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests.

Collagen 1 did not show a significant difference between the two exercise groups (p = 0.112). The mean values of both exercise groups were significantly lower than in the diabetic control group in collagen expression (p = 0.0001). The mean values of collagen 2 gene expression in the HIIT2: 1 training group were significantly lower than the HIIT1: 1 group (P = 0.044) and diabetic control (P = 0.002). The mean values of SMAD / 3 gene expression in HIIT2: 1 group were significantly lower than HIIT1: 1 (P = 0.002) and diabetic control (P = 0.020). The mean weight values and insulin resistance index in the HIIT1 group and glucose in the HIIT2: 1 group were significantly lower.

Based on the findings, it can be concluded that 4 weeks of type 2 HIIT compared to other groups had a higher effect on reducing the expression of collagen 2 and SMAD / 3 genes in the left ventricle of diabetic rats with down-regulated of genes. Therefore HIIT-2  may improve diabetic cardiomyopathy syptoms.

Cardiovascular disease, especially coronary heart disease, is one of the leading causes of death in women. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise in the water with and without consumption of green tea on some blood coagulation factors in inactive postmenopausal women.

The present study is quasi-experimental. 27 obese and inactive postmenopausal women were randomly divided into three groups: exercise group (9 subjects with a mean weight of 68.93±9.1 kg), supplement group (8 subjects with a mean weight of 84.9±17.5 kg) and exercise+supplement group (10 individuals with mean weight of 73.73±10.1 kg). The aerobic exercise program was performed for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, and each session for 45-60 minutes with an intensity of 55-75% of maximum heart rate. The supplement group received 200 ml of green tea 3 times daily for 8 weeks. Before and after the training and supplementation protocol, blood samples were collected and changes in plasma fibrinogen levels, platelet count, PT, and PTT were measured. For data analysis, SPSS software version 16 was used at a significance level of p<0.05.

Based on the research findings, changes in PT variables and platelet count were not significant in any of the three groups (p<0.05). Fibrinogen increased in all three groups, which was significant only in the green tea group. PTT decreased in all three groups, which was significant in the green tea group.

Consumption of green tea in the present study increases blood coagulation. Given the importance of blood homeostasis and the adverse effects of disturbing the balance of coagulation and fibrinolysis systems, it seems that any supplementation should be analyzed in terms of its effect on hemostatic balance and the activity of its subsystems.

Studies have shown that progesterone is effective in inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of progesterone on the activity of caspases 8, 9, and 3 and to investigate morphological changes in MCF-7 cell nuclei.

In this experimental study, MCF-7 cells were purchased from the Bank of Pasteur Institute of Iran. The activity of caspases 8, 9, 3 and the morphological changes of the cell nucleus in the cells exposed to the cytotoxic concentration of progesterone (2.5 mg/ml) were evaluated. Data were analyzed using an independent t-test.

The activity of caspases 8, 9, and 3 (P˂0.01, P˂ 0.001 and P˂0.001, respectively) in MCF-7 cells exposed to cytotoxic progesterone concentration (2.5 mg/ml) significantly increased compared with the control group. Exposure of MCF-7 cells to the cytotoxic concentration of progesterone (2.5 mg/ml) caused several changes in MCF-7 cell nuclei.

The results of this study showed that progesterone increases caspase 8, 9, and 3 activity in MCF-7 cells.