نشریه زبان شناخت
سال یازدهم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1399)

The imperative besides indicative and subjunctive is one of the most important moods in the languages of the world especially in indo-european languages. The imperative verb usually lacks tense inflection that occurs in other moods, therefore the future imperative is quite rare cross-linguistically. However a number of languages have a dedicated paradigm for future imperative. The future imperative has so far been reported for none of the iranian languages, except two languages, namely Sogdian and Ossetian. The present paper also studies a case of future imperative in Abyanei belonging to the Central Plateau Dialects. The Abyanei future imperative is expressed by inserting morphological markers [-iʃ] (in the affirmative) and [-ɔ] (in the negative) between the present stem and the verb ending.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the intrinsic F0 of nasal and oral vowels of Persian spontaneous speech. The data were elicited from the Farsdat corpus and were analyzed using the Praat program. The results show that the fundamental frequency of nasal and oral vowels is significantly different. However only nasal front vowels have significantly higher frequency than their oral counterpart. Regarding the fact that Persian back vowels are round, it seems that their roundness can reduce the nasalization of back vowels resulting in the reduction of their fundamental frequency. The results of the intrinsic F0 shows that in both nasal and oral vowels, intrinsic F0 of high vowels is significantly higher than low vowels.

In 1932 a collection of documents was found in Mount Mogh in northwestern Tajikistan, most of which were economical. Some of these documents are letters and belong to the archives of Dēvāshtich, the ruler of Panjikent in the eighth century AD. These letters are important in several ways, linguistically for the history of the evolution of the Sogdian language, for styles of writing letters, political, historical and cultural issues, and other aspects. In this study, the aim is to examine the language and the style of "Letter No. 1" from the collection of Mogh documents. In this regard, first, the historical background of this letter was examined and then, its content was considered in terms of the etymology of words and some linguistic structures. In some cases, the style of letter writing was compared with other similar letters in Sogdian. Analysis of this letter showed that some phrases related to the style of writing letters were written only in this letter and were not found in other documents of Mount Mogh. Examples of compound verbs and the potentialis structure in this letter were also examined. The influence of the Arabic language is also evident at the beginning of this letter.

Mādayān ī hazār dādestān is a text that belong to late Sassanid era, the 7th century AD,and covers legal issues in the pre-Islamic period. Analyzing two chapters of this text reveals the steps of asset transfer and its rules. One of them is related to the transfer of assets, which describes how to transfer assets from one person to another. The next chapter has been described how the recipient will accept the asset. The purpose of this research is to describe the steps of asset transfer and its rules. And it tries to answer the question, what are the steps for the transfer of assets and what were the rules for it? According to this text, everyone had the right to give something of their property to someone. In the first step, the person expressed his desire to transfer, and the so-called declaration of ownership. Then, the asset was taken out of the custodian's possession and given to the recipient; But the condition of the final ownership was that the recipient would accept and declare that he had accepted the asset. This had to be carefully explained and recorded, and in that case the transfer and acceptance was completely legal.

Cultures convey their expectations of achieving their social beliefs and values through language teaching to the community and one of its clear consequences is imprinting. Educational centers' responsibility is not only limited to the subject of education and it includes an important part of their cultural influence. Consequently, this investigation analyses a case study of social variables' representation in Pictures of English Language Textbooks at Ministry of Education, based on Halliday's (1960) functional linguistics, and in particular Kress & Van Leeuwen's (2006) semiotic pattern. This paper focuses on the following questions: 1- How is discourse representated in images related to "recreational activities"? 2- How is "gender" shown in pictures of these books? The basic goal of this study is to investigate the social and cultural functions of language and explain how discourse is represented through descriptive-analytic method by examining the images of language teaching books. The results show that these English language education textbooks don't have a predominant gender approach to male or female and selection of recreational activities was without the orientation of the culture of source or target language; actually the illustrator hasn't paid any special attention to his(her) own or the other language.

The main purpose of the present study is to investigate identity in formal (name of passages) and informal naming (name of residential and commercial places) in Rasht. Research methods include field and descriptive-analytical methods. The data were collected by assessing the map and attending the passages, residential areas and commercial places. The total number of passages was 2341, residential places was 1292 and commercial places was 966. Names were then examined for multiple identities (individual, local, national, religious, and transnational). The research results show that in formal naming (passages) the highest tendency is to use local and religious names, while in informal naming (residential and commercial places) the highest tendency is to use transnational names.

The purpose of this study was to study the speech of 6 to 10-year-old autistic children based on Systemic Functional Grammar. Two groups, namely experimental including seven 6-10-year-old autistic children and control group, with seven 6 to 10-year-old non-autistic children, participated in the study based on stratified random sampling. Data were collected and analyzed according to experiential metafunction. Results showed that material and existential processes had the highest and the lowest percentage respectively. Emphasis on material process is indicative of a vast cognitive difficulty in finding appropriate words. The material process accounted for the highest means in both groups, followed by relational and mental processes. The lowest mean in both groups belonged to existential process which was almost zero in experimental group. In all processes, the control group used more processes, depicting they fulfilled a higher number of functions including expressing ideas, evaluating and describing. The outcomes would be beneficial for all the psychologists, autism trainers, and linguists.

This study, therefore, attempts to review the application of embodied metaphorical expressions in Persian language children 3 to 5 years old. The subjects are 360 kids (boys & girls) 3 to 5 years old, Persian speaking children from districts 1, 4 and 20 in Tehran city. A self-made test of filling the blanks and pikul (2003) field research was performed by means of which the kronbach at percentage was approved. By completion of all questionnaires it became evident that Most frequencies for understanding and application of embodied metaphorical expressions First, it relates to the senses of sight and taste, and then to touch, smell, and finally hearing, In addition to the characteristics of age, sex and social class has made a significant difference in the understanding and application of children's embodied metaphorical expressions. embodied metaphorical expressions in every social group depending on how children perceive their body and their living environment, it is different. In other words, it was shown in this study children's cognitive knowledge and their metaphorical understanding are directly related to their social cognition.

Jīvaka-Pustaka is one of the medical texts that belongs to Ayurveda Medicine. In addition to the Sanskrit version, there is also a Khotanese translation of this text. The Sanskrit version and its Khotanese translation have written in a variety of Brāhmi script. The Sanskrit version was very messy and practically illegible until some scholars in view of other Ayurvedic texts, such as the Siddhasāra and Khotanese translation of Jīvaka-Pustaka started to reconstruction and emendation it. The manuscript of Jīvaka-Pustaka has 71 pages and contains both the Sanskrit version and its Khotanese translation. This text is composed of 91 formulae. Except for one of the formula in which, after each Sanskrit phrase, the Khotanese translation of it has been written, in other formulae, first, the Sanskrit text is written and then followed by the corresponding Khotanese translation. The first person who amended this text was a scholar named Hoernle who corrected the two formulae. Afterwards, Emmerick regarding Khotanese translation also revised two formulae. Finally, a Chinese scholar, by name Chen, amended the whole of the text and published it in 2005. In this essay, it would be tried to correct some mistakes of Chen and propose new suggestions for some illegible words.

By adopting the cognitive morphology approach, we tried to classify inflective suffixes in Persian with the analytic tool introduced by the approach especially in Hamavand (2011) such as categorization, configuration and conceptualization to analyze them semantically. By gathering data from PLDB, the online site of Farsi-Lookup, dictionaries of prefixes and suffixes by Farshidvard (1388) and Kashani (1371), 157 words consist of inflectional suffixes with a core meaning of possession were collected, compared with s Zansoo Dictionary (1372) and finally were reviewed,, classified and described with focus on each affix. In congnitive domain of possession six facets were found which led to different concepts. These facets included multiplicity, ridicule, job, bad spiritual or physical condition, thing’s feature and human’s attitude

The Conjunction of "ud" is the most widely used Conjunction of the Persian language, which, in addition to relating the components of speech to other, has functions such as initial, present, estimation, perception and oath. The study of the History of Beyhaqi indicates the various functions of the Conjunction “ud” in its text, some of which seem to have been influenced by Iranian and Arabic languages. The present article, in addition to examining the various functions of the letter “ud” in the history of Beyhaqi, seeks to show which of these functions has been influenced by these languages. For this purpose, about 1500 sentences and phrases of the text of this book were selected, reviewed and analyzed and compared. The results showed that the functions of “ud” turning in the history of Beyhaqi can be classified into three main groups: letters and initial “ud”, which can be traced in both ancient Iranian and Arabic texts. present, oath, and perception “ud”, which have been translated from Arabic into Persian, and strikes “ud”, “ud” in the meaning of, and “ud” in the beginning of the protest sentences, in which the historical author Beyhaqi has made some kind of innovation in their use.

Emotion plays an important role in the daily life of humans from birth to death. In the cognitive social theories it suggests that emotion regulating and understanding ability increases in aging, because of optimal increase of positive state and increasing skill in understanding the emotional cues of word meanings. The purpose of this article is the study of how is understood emotion in older adults? Do the emotions convey through the lexical meanings of quoted sentences or emotional prosody? Therefore understanding of the basic emotions including anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness and neutral situation through emotional prosody study in old age(up 65 years old), young and middle age. The aim is that how emotional lexical content without prosody is understood and how is the interaction of these two modes. Based on the observations of this research, the elderly use the meanings of the emotional content for understanding of sentences, instead of emotional prosody. Unlike old ages, young and mid old ages understand emotional sentences through emotional prosody and the meanings of emotional content is in second priority.