نشریه چشم انداز حسابداری و مدیریت
سال سوم شماره 26 (تابستان 1399)

Concerns about economic growth, social cohesion, and environmental awareness are not new, but the details of the simultaneous combination of the three goals are becoming more urgent every day. It is important to examine the decisions of business executives to make subsidiaries unprofitable during times of economic crisis. In particular, it is important to pay attention to firms and to examine how firms' decision-making decisions differ from those predicted by the traditional risk diversification perspective. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of company size on the relationship between social responsibility and economic performance of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 1390 to 1397 with a sample of 200 companies. To test the hypothesis, multivariate linear regression and hybrid data were used using the generalized least squares model. The results show that the company's social responsibility activities are performed in their economic, social and environmental aspects, improve their economic performance, and this relationship is adjusted to the size of these organizations. The larger the size, the stronger the relationship.

One of the most important issues in accounting, which has long maintained its special place in theoretical discussions, is profit. In different periods from the beginning of empirical accounting research, which has always been studied based on positive scientific methodology, the usefulness of profit-related information and profit is one of the most important factors influencing economic decisions. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of board characteristics on the risk of profit forecast error of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 1393 to 1397 with a sample of 155 companies. To test the hypothesis, multivariate linear regression and hybrid data were used using the generalized least squares model. The results of testing the hypotheses showed that the size of the board and the duality of the CEO have a significant and inverse relationship with the risk prediction error, but the independence of the board according to the test results showed that it has a significant and direct relationship with the risk prediction error. The general state of the board characteristics has a significant effect on the profit error risk forecast.

The present study seeks to investigate the effect of financial leverage on the investments of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The statistical population of the study was all companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 1391 to 1396. After applying the limitations of research and sampling by systematic elimination method, 168 companies were selected as a statistical sample. In order to test the research hypotheses, regression methods have been used. The results of the first hypothesis of the research show that financial leverage has a negative and significant effect on companies' investments. Also, the findings of the second hypothesis of the research indicate that the impact of financial leverage on investment in companies with high growth opportunities is less than companies with low growth opportunities.

 Few empirical studies have examined why companies voluntarily and without any legal obligation disclose information about their human resources. The purpose of this study is to explore the motivations for disclosure of employee information in the annual report of companies and to achieve this important, the three-dimensional model of Stakeholder Theory Ullman (1985) has been used. Accordingly, 107 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 1392 to 1397 were examined. To test the hypotheses, multivariate regression method with a combined data approach was used. The results show that the power of stakeholders has a positive and significant effect on the disclosure of employee information based on content analysis with both index and frequency approaches.Also, the strategic situation has a positive and significant effect on employee information disclosure based on the index approach, but does not have a significant effect on the frequency approach, and finally the company's financial performance does not have a significant effect on employee information disclosure based on both index and frequency approaches.

The main purpose of this study is to explain and study mental accounting. Mental accounting was first proposed by Richard Thaler in 1980. He argued that mental accounting seeks to describe the process by which individuals codify, classify, and evaluate economic consequences. Thaler's studies showed that people not only examine decisions separately when evaluating them, but also that changing the type of decision and the time spent and benefiting from it affect the outcome of the decision. Therefore, the findings indicate that subjective accounting examines the financial decision-making conditions of individuals in the face of different financial events and makes decisions based on those conditions. Mental accounting has been introduced in the field of financial-behavioral and today it has attracted more and more attention of researchers. Although the theory of mental accounting was developed to explain customer and household decisions, its ideas are applicable to the producers and users of financial statements and disclosures.

In business units, the most important source of cash is normal and operational activities. Profit is a measure of the current cash flow activities. Stability and continuity of profits indicate the continuation of cash inflows and thus increase the firm's strength. The aim of this study was to study government relations and profitability stability in the statistical population of companies listed on the stock exchange, the final sample of which was selected by systematic elimination method, in the period 2006 to 2017. The data collected from the variables in two descriptive and inferential parts were analyzed in Eviews software. The results show that the profitability of state-owned companies is quite different from that of publicly owned companies in the long run, in terms of changing operating conditions, on the other hand, the profitability of non-government owned companies But at the same time, they have presenters who are politically dependent, undergoing a different functional change over a longer period of time.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of corporate governance characteristics on earnings management and financial performance of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The statistical population of the study is the companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 1390 to 1396 (2011-2017). In this study, the variables of CEO's tenure, reliance on debt, ownership focus, independence of the board of directors, duality of CEO's duties, and institutional ownership have been used to assess corporate governance. The statistical model of the study, using the estimated regression method and the research findings, indicates the existence of a negative and significant relationship between corporate governance and earnings management. There is also a significant inverse relationship between institutional ownership, debt reliance, and board independence with earnings management. The concentration of ownership and profit management does not have a significant relationship and there is a direct and significant relationship between the duration of the CEO's tenure and the duality of duty with the profit management. A significant and direct relationship was observed between corporate governance and financial performance. Institutional ownership, the term of office of the CEO and the independence of the board of directors also have a direct and significant relationship with financial performance, but there is no significant relationship between financial concentration and reliance on debt and financial performance. Also, there was an inverse relationship between the duality of the CEO's job and financial performance.

The characteristics of the board as a control tool in the company determine the power of the board, so the characteristics of the board is an important factor in explaining the ability of members to perform tasks and contribute to the performance of the company. The board plays an important role in earnings management and can reduce manipulation and earnings management. In this study, the relationship between the characteristics of the board of directors and earnings management was investigated. The statistical population of this study includes all companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the period 1393 to 1397. The present research is descriptive-correlational in nature and method and the econometric method of panel data is used to estimate the research models. The results showed that the level of education of the board of directors is not related to earnings management on an accrual basis, but the financial expertise and work experience of most board members can increase earnings management based on accruals.

Higher quality information is expected to have a favorable effect on investors' expectations of expected return (capital cost). Capital cost is one of the effective variables in decision making models and is defined as the expected return of shareholders. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between information disclosure, company growth and cost of capital in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. This research has been done by descriptive-correlation method and is of applied research type. The statistical population of the research consists of all companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 1391 to 1395 that 100 companies have been active in the stock market during the entire period of research and have been studied. Research data were extracted from corporate financial statements and analyzed using regression models using combined data method. Findings showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between capital expenditure and company growth. The results also show that there is no significant relationship between disclosure and the cost of capital.

In order to invest, business units need to invest in projects with a net positive present value due to resource constraints and resource efficiency. In fact, over-investing indicates inefficiency of investment and occurs due to conflicts of interest between managers and investors. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of board performance on the long-term success of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 1393 to 1397 with a sample of 225 companies. Multivariate linear regression and hybrid data using the generalized least squares model have been used to test the hypothesis. The results of the hypothesis test showed that the efficiency of the board of directors has a significant effect on the long-term success of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. We find strong evidence that board dynamics are positively correlated with corporate investment efficiency. These findings support the view that enterprise resources and internal processes that enable billboards to gather these resources to perform complex tasks are critical to a company's long-term success. As a result, the board is able to make decisions that lead to the efficiency of the company's investment.