نشریه اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهی
پیاپی 43 (زمستان 1399)

In order to study of integrated dodder management in Sugar beet, which is spreading in sugar beet field, an experiment was conducted in Azarbayejan-gharbi province in Iran in 2015- 2016. Treatments were seed bed preparation times as main plots, planting date as sub plots and application of different doses of Propizamid (SC50 :1000, 1250 and 1500 gai.ha-1) and Ethofumesate (SC50: 750, 1000 and 1250 gai.ha-1) as sub-sub plots arranged as split-split factorial plot based randomized complete block design. Dodder dry weight and contamination level were evaluated at 30 days after herbicide application and sugar beet root yield was evaluated in the end of experiment. Seed bed preparation time had no significant effect on dodder dry weights. Results indicated that the contamination of level of dodder (EWRC) in the first planting date (39.3%) was less than the second planting date (44.8%). Results also showed that dry weight of dodder in the first planting date was less than the second planting date (49%). The highest root sugar beet yield was obtained from seed bed preparation time in autumn and spring, and planting date in 14 April and also using propyzamid herbicide as 1250 gai.ha-1. Contamination of level of dodder average was less in applied of propyzamid (36.2%) than the Ethofumesate (47.8%). The results of this experiment, as a whole, showed that planting of sugar beet in the 14 April, and also application of propyzamid as 1250 gai.ha-1 for dodder control can be recommended.

To study the effect of different types of plant mulch and their thicknesses on weeds control of fig (Ficus carica) orchards, an experiment was performed in a factorial arrangement based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in Estahban region of Fars province, Iran in 2018, where factors were non-living mulch in three levels (Almond shell, Wheat straw and Licorice residues) and mulch thickness in four levels (Control, 5, 10 and 15 cm). The results indicated that mulches can significantly reduce weeds density and growth (dry and wet weight) in compare to control treatment. Application of Licorice residues better than other treatments controlled the growth and density of weeds in fig. Among the levels of different mulch thickness, 10 cm thick mulch, in addition to minimize soil moisture loss, resulted to reduce the biological yield of weeds. In general, non-living mulches can be an effective agronomic management to control the weeds in fig orchards.

In order to study the effects of irrigation, methanol and humic acid foliar application on the traits, some of the soluble content and chicory root elements, the present research was carrid out in Birjand Azad University research farm using split plots-factorial based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications in 2016. In the present research a three level irrigation was used as the main plot (irrigation after 70T 140 and 210 mm of accumulative evaporation from pan) and methanol foliar in two levels (zero and 21 % of the volume) well as humic acid with two levels (zero and 10 li per hectar) in the form of factorial as the sub plot. The results showed that irrigation delay from 70 to 210 mm of accumulative evaporation from pan, the root length, number of root branch, percent of molasses sugar, N and P and dry root yield decreased b by 46, 37, 23, 39, 56 and 44% respectively. Also applying of 10 L.ha-1 of humic acid resulted in significant increase in the root length, number of root branch, N, P and K, dry root yield and water use efficiency of root by 12, 19, 15, 18.5, 35, 9 and 7% respectively compared to the control treatment. Also, although methanol application had a significant effect on root traits, it did not have significant interaction with irrigation. In general, the results of the study showed that the use of humic acid could reduce the negative effects of deficit water stress on Chicory.

Among the several factors reducing plants yield, weed interference has great important. To investigate the effect of fertilizer types and weeds management on yield, yield components and nitrate leaching in soybean an experiment was conducted as split plots in randomized complete block design with three replications in Chalus city in summer of 2013 and 2014. Fertilizers types including chemical fertilizer, manure and nano-chelates spraying as the main plot and weed control in three levels including emergence to flowering, critical period of weed interference and no weeding were considered as sub-plots. The results showed that yield with weeding during the critical period as well as weeding until flowering was achieved in a statistical group and were significantly more than non-control treatment. The highest weeds dry weight was obtained in gweed infested treatment and increasing in weed control time caused their weight loss. Among the fertilizer treatments, the highest dry weed weight was observed by chemical fertilizer application. Maximum nitrate concentration at a soil depth of 80-100 cm were obtained by using chemical fertilizer. Weeds dry weight increased and the nitrate concentration decreased when the weeds control duration was reduced. In general, the results showed that weed control during the critical period increased the grain yield by increasing the yield components.

To study the effects of inoculation by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus intraradices) in ameliorating the effects of haloxyfop-R methyl ester herbicide (commercial name Gallant super) on biochemical activity and hormonal responses of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L., cv. Lakomka) a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 4 levels of herbicide concentration (0, 25, 50 and 75 ppm) in 3 replications. At 4 to 6 leaved stages, different concentrations of herbicide were sprayed on the aerial part of the plants. The effects of herbicide on colonization percentage, dry weight and other parameters of control and mycorrhizal treated plants were quite evident. Increased gibberellin content (60%) in inoculated plants, reduced amount of auxin in shoot of the control plants (48%) were observed by increasing herbicide concentration compared to the control. Furthermore, increased proline (1.5 and 2.7 fold), increased soluble sugars content (36.5% and 23.5%), reduced total proteins (29.2% and 40.1%) and reduced dry weight (61.3% and 76.0% in shoot and root respectively) were significant. More damage occurred by increased herbicide stress conditions and plants responded by raising the level of gibberrelins, proline and soluble sugars to cope the damages induced by haloxyfop-R methyl ester. Such adaptive responses were more pronounced and effective in inoculated plants by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus G.intraradices. So, it seems that inoculation sunflower seedlings by G. intraradices can enhance their tolerance against deleterious effects of that herbicide.

In order to evaluate the effect of humic acid on morphological and yield traits of maize hybrids (704, As72, and DKC), a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at Research farm of Shahed University located in south of Tehran during 2016 and 2017. The studied factors consisted of three maize hybrids (704, As72, and DKC) in the main plots and humic acid in two levels (application and non-application) in the subplots. Results showed the highest number of leaves was found in 704 hybrid (13.6 per plant) and the lowest in the other two hybrids. The highest number of grains per ear was achieved in the application of humic acid under second year of experiment with an average of 802.62 number, which was 16.02% higher than to the non-application treatment. 704 hybrid had the highest 1000-grain weight in the both year of experiment and DKC hybrid in the second year of experiment had the highest 1000-grain weight with an average of 154.7,14.5, and 159.6 g, respectively. The highest grain yield was obtained in DKC hybrid under second year of experiment with an average of 17148.3 kg/ha. The use of humic acid resulted in an increase of 11.93% in the grain yield compared to the control (no application). The highest biological yield was observed in the application and non-application of humic acid in DKC hybrid under second year of experiment with an average of 38088 and 36927 kg/ha, respectively.

Viola odorata contain compounds such as peptide, flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, saponins and tannins, which are used in the treatment of certain diseases, including cancer. Viola odorata grows in the north forests, and little research was done on domestication and identification of this plant. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of three altitude differences in sea level in Mazandaran province (sari (56m) to Azni (1035 m) above sea level) on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Viola odorata. The morphological (area of leaf, leaf width, petiole length, pedicel length and root length) and biochemical (phenol content, total flavonoids, antioxidant capacity) traits studied in the region via completely random design. The results showed that plants accessions from Sari with lowest altitude, had the highest leaf length, number of leaves, stem length, leaf phenol, total phenol, total flavonoid and leaf antioxidant capacity. Interaction results between region and plants organ showed, the highest rate of phenol was in the leaf and flower of Sari accessions and the most flavonoids rate were in the flower of Sari accession and the leaf and flower of Kosoot accessions. In general, accessions collected from the Sari area have a relative superiority to other areas for cultivation.

Today, climate change and increasing global temperature, dry periods and increased frequency of occurrence of such ecosystems in the world on the verge major developments put. This study was 10 years (1394-1385) and to evaluate the effect of rainfall (daily, monthly, quarterly, annually, etc.) on top of the e Nodooshan steppe rangelands of Yazd. For this purpose each year, producing a random plots were measured. Rainfall index statistics from the nearest synoptic stations in the region were prepared. The relationship between production and climate factors were analyzed in SPSS 16 software. Results showed that forage production on top Abad reveal significant variables as the independent variable growing season precipitation, annual rainfall, rainfall in May and early growing season rainfall is the highest correlation. 80% Annual forage production can be significant changes with growth of + previous estimate. Simple regression analysis showed that the production of delicious class I, class II, class III the highest correlation with May rainfall, rainfall and growing season rainfall is growing + earlier.

In order to determine the most desirable index of drought tolerance in bitter vetch ecotypes, two separate experiments (non-stress and stress) were conducted in field condition during 2018 using randomized complete block design with four replications. Quantitative drought resistance and susceptibility indices including Stress susceptibility index (SSI), Stress tolerance (TOL), Mean productivity (MP), Geometric mean productivity (GMP), Harmonic mean (HM) and Stress tolerance index (STI) based on grain yield in stress and non stress conditions, were calculated for each ecotypes. Combined analysis of variance over two conditions showed there were significant differences (p < 0.01) among ecotypes for grain yield in stress and non stress conditions. Also, there were significant differences (p < 0.01) between ecotypes for all drought tolerance and resistance indices. MP, GMP, HM and STI were highly correlated (p < 0.01) with grain yield under both stress and non stress conditions. Therefore, they were recommended as the best indices to identify high yielding ecotypes for stress and non stress conditions. Based on these indices two ecotypes Saghazchi and Bayghot were identified as the highest yielding ecotypes under both stress and non stress conditions. Results of three dimensional and byplot graphs recognized the same ecotypes as highest yielding in both conditions, similarly.

In order to improve water utilization management the trends of changes in crop water requirement (CWR), yield, cultivation area and water use efficiency (WUE) of tomato in some regions of Iran evaluated in a 23-year long term (1990-2013) by measuring evapotranspiration (ET) and crop coefficient (Kc). Highest (1137 mm) and lowest (642 mm) CWR of tomato observed in Yazd and Shahrekord cities respectively. Unlike Dezful and Shiraz, this characteristic has a significant increasing trend with a slope of 5.6 mm per year in Fasa. Furthermore, unlike Fasa, tomato yield in Ahvaz, Bandar Abbas, Shahrekord and Yazd has a significant increasing trend. The maximum (49.5 ton/ha) and minimum (19.4 ton/ha) tomato yield and also the maximum (5.6 Kg/m3) and minimum (2.4 Kg/m3) WUE was observed in Fasa and Kerman, respectively. However, the highest reduction (0.1 kg/m3) and highest increase (0.07 kg/m3) in WUE per year was obtained in Ahvaz and Fasa respectively. The results of this study showed that the WUE has a linear relationship with tomato yield. So that the water consumption per 100 kilograms of tomatoes yields per unit of area increased 0.1 kg/m3. While there was no logical relationship between WUE and CWR. By drawing the boundary-line, which represents potential yield against the CWR, high fluctuation of tomato yield in a steady interval of water requirement was estimated. Overall, the lack of a relationship between the WUE and CWR in the range of 600 to 1000 mm was due to yield gap caused by malpractice in the farms.

The effect of plant growth regulators (PGRs) and plastic mulch on the amount of some leaf elements, enzymes and nitrate accumulation in onions under water deficit stress was investigated. The main plots consisted of water deficit stress treatment at three levels (100% water requirement, 80% and 60% water requirement), and subplots including mulch (in two levels of application and no application of dark plastic) and PGRs factor in Six levels (zero, salicylic acid (0.5 mM), methyl jasmonate (5 and 7.5 µM), 24-Epibrassinolide (0.5 and 1 µM). Significant interaction was observed between low water stress and PGRs in the amount of nitrogen, catalase, superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde enzymes, methionine, isoleucine and proline amino acids, ion leakage, chlorophyll and carotenoids pigmentation. The effect of the PGRs was mainly effective in water deficit conditions. Also, the interaction of water deficit and plastic mulch in addition to these traits was significant on the amino acid valine and tyrosine traits and phosphorus and potassium of leaf and this effect was significant under water deficit condition. Brassinolide growth regulator treatment had the most effect on reducing nitrate in onion bulb. Under non stress, mild stress and severe stress condition, 1 micromolar brassinosteroid reduced 26, 23 and 31 percent of onion nitrate, respectively. Also, plastic mulch under non stress conditions have no effect on reducing the accumulation of nitrate, but under severe stress conditions (60% water requirement), use of plastic mulch detergent reduced the 13% accumulation of nitrate compared with the control

A split-split plot field experiment using the randomized complete block design with three replicates was carried out to investigate drought tolerance of wheat inoculated with mycorrhiza fungi and its interaction with copper nanoparticles. The factors included two irrigation levels (optimum irrigation and deficit irrigation), two levels of fungal symbiosis (with or without a symbiotic relationship), and three spray concentrations of copper oxide nanoparticles (50, 250, and 450 ppm).The results of ANOVA revealed that Analysis of variance showed that proline content and spike/m2 were significant in irrigation regime, mycorrhiza, foliar application, and all the interaction effects of double and triple factors.The effect of irrigation regime, mycorrhiza and foliar application of copper nano oxide was effective on grain yield, but the effects and interactions of irrigation regime×foliar application, mycorrhiza×foliar application and irrigation regime×mycorrhiza×foliar application have no significate effect on that characteristic;Comparison of mean traits showed that the maximum number of spikes/m2 in mycorrhizal fungi application with50ppm copper nano oxide foliar application in optimum irrigation was780numbers.The highest hectolitre weight of wheat was related to triple interactions,optimum irrigation with fungus and foliar application of450ppm copper nano oxide that was not statistically significant effect with triple interactions,optimum irrigation without fungus and foliar application of 250ppm copper nano oxide.Maximum proline content was obtained in non-mycorrhizal fungi treatment with50ppm foliar spray under deficit irrigation (23.8mg/g fresh weight) which was statistically significant at least at5%level with other treatments. The highest grain yield (309.61g/m2) belonged to optimum irrigation treatment and minimum grain yield was observed in severe deficit irrigation.

In order to evaluate drought tolerance indices in promising canola lines affected by planting date, a split plot experiment with randomized complete block design with three replications at research field of Seed and Plant Improvement Research Institute of Karaj, Iran was conducted in 2015-16 and 2016-17. In this study, sowing dates were October 20 (normal) and November 10 (delayed planting) in the main plots, and promising canola lines including L1112, L1091, L1093, L1206 and Okapi were included in the sub-plots. To evaluate different physiological indices of drought tolerance, two separate environments were considered including normal irrigation (control) and irrigation interruption from the pod formation stage to the next (late season drought stress). The results of combined analysis showed that late season drought stress and delayed planting date reduced the yield in all studied lines. Geometric Mean Productivity, Stress Tolerance Index, and Mean Productivity have been selected as superior indices in order to recognizing tolerance line in this study. According to the results of this experiment, line L1206 was introduced as the top line in this study, which is likely to be cultivated in rotation with autumn wheat and, on the other hand, withstand water deficit stress at the end of the growing season.

In order to evaluate the safflower genotypes in response to drought stress, a split plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Sarvestan region during 2016 and 2017 growing season. The main plot consisted of two levels of normal irrigation and irrigation interruption from the emergence of the first pods and sub plots including fifteen safflower genotypes. Evaluated indices were included grain yield, relative water content of leaves (RWC), oil content, oil yield and drought tolerance indices. Combined analysis results indicated that water deficit stress had adverse effect on all above indices. Effect of genotypes, also was significant on evaluated indices. Results of combination analysis showed that in two irrigation conditions, Dincer and PI-537598 cultivars had the highest grain yield, RWC and oil yield. Based on GMP and STI drought tolerance indices, Dincer cultivar had the highest GMP and STI, and based on the percentage reduction of grain yield, PI-537636-s genotype (57%) had the least decrease, therefore according to these indices could be considered as the most resistant cultivars.

Effect of different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid, flavonoid, yield and yield components of four wheat cultivars in two locations (Kudian and Nasrabad, Fars province, Iran) were investigated. The experiment was conducted as split plot in a randomized complete block design with two main irrigation levels (normal and interrupted irrigation at the stem stage). Four wheat cultivars (Shiroodi, Chamran 2, Chamran matri, and Siamran) and four levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 120, 240 and 360 kg ha-1) with three replications were used as sub-factors. Grain yield traits, number of grains per spike, number of spikes per square meter, 1000-grain weight, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid and flavonoid pigments were evaluated. The results showed that drought stress reduced chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid, flavonoid, yield and yield components. Drought stress reduced grain yield by 29% but application of 120, 240 and 360 kg ha-1 nitrogen increased yield by 25, 32 and 15%, respectively. Therefore, the use of 240 kg nitrogen could be useful for these cultivars in both drought and non-stress conditions.