نشریه پژوهش های اقتصاد صنعتی
پیاپی 7 (بهار 1398)

According to the structure of industry in Iran’s economy, there are plenty of factors affecting the output of this sector. Present study has investigatedthe nonlinear effect of exchange rate, producer price index, interest rate, energy consumption and physical capital on industrial production using Threshold Model and quarterly dataover  the period 1990 to 2014. Consequently, two extremes of the threshold are estimated at 4% and almost zero percent, two structural breaks with three regimesareobtained, and the production index of Iran’s industrial firms has been chosen as the threshold variable. If the growth of the industrial production index of the current season is negative or close to zero, then the economy is in the first regime (stagnation). The positive real growth of the industrial production index leads the economy to the second and third regimes )boom).Results indicate that energy consumption and physical capital have a positiveand significant impact on the industrial production in the all regimes. Exchange rate has a negative effect in twolowregimesand it is insignificant in the high boom regime. Interest rate has anegative impact on the industrial production  (reduce the industrial production)  just in the stagnation (low regime). Finally, the Producer Price Index (PPI) has a positive impact on the production of industrial firms only in the boom period.

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the impacts of both import and the firm entrance into industrial markets on Iran’s manufacturing sector performance. To achieve this goal, using dynamic panel data and the Nickell residual approach, the impacts of degree of competition and technology gap on the growth of productivity were estimated. our findings indicate that increasing import would lead to increasing productivity in industries with low technology gap due to competition escape effect, while in high technology  gap industries lead to decreasing productivity  because of  Schumpeterian effect. In addition, the results confirm that the entry of new firms into the market does not stimulate the Schumpeterian and competition escape mechanisims. The results also indicate that the entrance of potentials firms brings about the improving the productivity in monopolistic industries  and worsening  productivity in competitive industries.

Many firms in the economy are government-owned and the prices of products or services are the same for consumers.In this situation, consumers’ problem will be that how to get to the firm via the shortest path (minimum cost). On the other hand, the problem for a government-owned firm or a monopoly firm that is providesfacilities include the oil and gas, electricity, water, telecommunications,  and  etc,  can be raised where it would be located in the city in order to have the least possible distance for the all consumers.In this paper, the first question with Dijkstra's algorithm and the second question byusing least square of the distancehave been answered. The results show that consumer can find theshortest path to achieve thedesiredfirm and the shortest possible distance from all available agencies by Dijkstra's algorithm. Furthermore, optimal locations of firms  dependon the number of consumers and how they are distributed.

Regarding the importance of research and development (R&D) expenditure on industrial firms’productivity growth, in this study, the R&D expenditure effectiveness has been examined on the labor productivity growth rate of small industries during 1994-2013. In order to estimate the models, the dynamic panel data method and Generalized Method of Moments(GMM) estimators are used. The results show that the all R&D expenditure indicators which considered have positive and significant effects on the labor productivity growth. In other word, spending in sectors such as: R&D ,laboratories, buying and updating software and training workshops for employees of small industries can be effective in labor productivity growth rate positively and significantly. Furthermore, the effect of total R&D expenditure on labor productivity growth has been estimated positive, significant and equal to 16.07 percent.

The aim of this study is to investigate the role of total factor productivity (TFP) in adjustment costs of labor in the Kurdistan province’s manufacturing  industries.  For this purpose, TFP is measured and analysed using Divisia index in the province’s industry in 4-digit ISIC codes. Different indicators are used for calculating the adjustment cost. In this study, for estimating adjustment costs, two indicators including the effect of total reallocation and the absolute of employment changes have been used. The results of model estimation by using  pooled data method over the period 2004-2013, show that the Divisia index of TFP reduced the adjustment costs in  manufacturing  industries. Also, the results show that the  human capital has a negative and significant impact on the adjustment costs. Therefore, it is recommended that in using the production increasing policies, in order to prevent of the unintended adjustment costs,  TFP promotion is emphasized.

According to economic theories it can be stated that along with decreasing the imported commodity prices and increasing the demand for foreign imports, domestic production and employment is decreased. This is reflected in the impact of import competition and the impact of import competition on the level of employment. Therefore, understanding how employment reacts to the prices of imported goods is important for economic policy-making. This paper focuses on the hypothesis that employment in Iran’s manufacturing industry has been affected by import competition during 1995-2011. This is examined using the panel data. In this study, based on the theoretical foundations, employment as the dependent variable, and import price index, the interaction of import competition and share of imports, wages, share of imports, capital cost, and energy consumption as independent variables, are considered. The results of this study demonstrate that variables including the share of imports, the price of import, and  the interaction of import competition and share of imports have significant positive effects on the employment level. These results indicate that the employment in Iranian manufacturing industries is affected by import competition.