پژوهشنامه نقد ادبی و بلاغت
سال نهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 18، تابستان 1399)

According to Halliday, grammar consists of three main structures including: The representational, the interpersonal, and the contextual structure .These structures are the verifying factors of the representational, interpersonal and contextual highlighted of language. Since the individualized events and thoughts can be represented in the language, the role of language can be investigated in three levels .According to formalists, literariness is the departure from the natural norm of spoken language. In Halliday's view, meaning is the function in the context; therefore, meaning changes with the shift of functions. Because of its rich literature, Persian literature has been particularly popular languages like Minor Asia (Anatolia), the Balkans and India. It is taught as a literary language in their schools. Therefore, the Graduates of these schools have created many works in this language. The syntax used by these writers can be clearly evaluated by Halliday Functional Grammar. The purpose of the present study is to examine and evaluate the success of Minor Asian writers as well as their ability and inability to highlight syntactic roles and to attribute dead roles to syntactic components in three works. Qerimi and his writer doesn’t have a copy and translate it form other writers’ books.

Scientific and cultural interaction between Persians and Greeks was established around 500 BC and continued until the fourth and fifth centuries AH. During this period, cultural and intellectual elements of the two nations influenced each other’s literature. A study of Diogenes’ personality and attitudes shows that he was unknown in Persian (and Asian) culture and literature. Most of Diogenes’ writings were attributed to other prominent philosophers such as Socrates, Hippocrates, and Plato. As of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries AH, as research areas and relations between the nations expanded, Diogenes became known for researchers. This paper, using an analytical-descriptive approach, examines the influence of this Greek philosopher on Persian culture and literature from the perspective of comparative literature. It highlights the changes that took place in the process of localizing this transition.

Imagology is a scientific term in the field of comparative literature. It studies and represents the “other” and “I” in the literature of a country or that of a foreign country. The Constitutional Revolution was a turning point in Persian literature and Iranians’ attitudes. The revolution and Iranians’ encounter with the West at that time led to the emergence of critical literature in Iran. The discourse of Mirzadeh Eshgi revolves around the Iranian identity, especially the ancient Iran, which, in his view, is the era of greatness of Iran. In his works, whatever is contrary to the Iranian identity is considered as the “other,” and the way out of the yoke of this “other” is the restoration of the national and ancient identity of Iran. Thus, this research studies Eshghi’s view on the “other” in order to highlight Iranians’ opinion about foreigners and to reveal many hidden aspects of the literature of that age.

Today, literary works are criticized and analyzed from the perspective of various theories. One of these theories is Bakhtin’s dialogic which is a criterion for measuring the level of democracy in the text. Dialogic seeks the relations between different voices that come from a single work. A story can be mono-voice or include different voices. Even in some stories there may be different voices all of which eventually lead to the same ideology. But from Bakhtin’s point of view, in a polyphonic work each voice represents its own ideology, and these voices are heard distinctively throughout the story, and no other voice, especially the author’s (narrator’s), overtakes them. The present study analyzes two novels by the contemporary author Siamak Golshiri. The analysis of The Cursed and The Bitter Party shows that these novels are polyphonic works and include dialogic elements such as carnival, chronotope, characterization, and dialogism.

Text world theory, which is derived from cognitive poetics, opens up new horizons to human beings to discover how the mind works and how to make a mental representation. From this point of view, the study of literary works is an effective step towards the construction of the author and audiences’ intellectual world and transferring the effects of text through textual signals. This article studies Tarikh-i Bayhaqi based on this approach. The three layers of “discourse world,” “text world,” and “sub-worlds” in this theory, and the small text worlds that create the original text world are shown. The dynamism of the text world in Tarikh-i Bayhaqi is less visible due to its historical narrative. The author, using world-building elements and function-advancing propositions, has produced a narrative-report construct and character-based and, in some cases, environment-based descriptions in this text. Changing the temporal and spatial conditions of narrations and guiding the various narratives through the sub-worlds force the reader to conceptualize the worlds with variable spaces. Of course, the conceptualization process implies the mobility of this action.

The issue of existence and proof of coherence in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh is the main issue of this research. In fact, Ferdowsi's use of authentic modes of expression, which is consistent with his epic genre and theme, is to such an extent that it disrupts the dualism of structuralist myth-poetry. This is one of the unifying theories of the philosophy of modern art, namely: the philosophy of art by Croce, in fundamental elements such as: "intuition-expression", "art identity". - Language, "the inseparability of pure and fine expression" or the principle of "genuine way of expression", as well as in his definition of "art" as "the manifestation of matter in the form" are also well represented. Therefore, based on the most important elements mentioned in the philosophy of art of Croce, the present study comparatively analyzes the artistic unity in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh by concluding with an analytical-descriptive approach and concludes that: Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, in addition to its various forms of textual and structural cohesion, also enjoys artistic and aesthetic cohesion, which, in comparison with other epic poems before and after it, has the greatest degree of compatibility of affect and meaning. (Subject) with its construction and face. This adaptation or appropriateness in the Shahnameh has been clearly exaggerated in the literary ways of exaggeration, contradiction, and metaphor.

Throughout the history, freedom has always been among the most significant and problematic words to be talked of. According to many thinkers, it is an innate nature of man to think about and consider freedom continuously. To acquire freedom, however, seems to have been an unattainable ideal. Mystics, who are concerned with the cognition and exaltation of human beings, have never ceased considering it. Having pondered on the essence of mysticism, they have concluded that true mysticism is nothing but freedom and attaining a kind of free devotion. Their interpretation of freedom leads to giving up all desires, satisfaction and contentment, devotion, munificence, independence from others, wisdom, and serenity and peace all of which indicate being liberated from internal and external constraints.

Romances and stories, and in particular children’s literature, have the significant potential to be utilized toward both education and treating some of the behavioral and personality disorders of children as well as to enhance some of their abilities. Children’s literature, especially the selected stories of this article, has a significant role in providing the basic needs of the child. This article examines fictional books, based on the idea of aroused need for recreation in William Glaser’s choice theory, to study how the characters of the stories act at the time of the arousal of this need. It also studies the type of effect their actions have on their fates. In fact, children’s stories, in addition to being a vehicle for their recreation and a reward for learning, can employ child psychology and an appropriate characterization to enhance their ability to make life choices.