پژوهش نامه ایرانی سیاست بین الملل
سال هشتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 15، پاییز و زمستان 1398)

 Nation-states employ different tools for establishing international and geopolitical relations. Public Diplomacy (PD), as an important tool, plays a decisive role in creating an appropriate national image and correcting misunderstandings and/or negative images of a nation in the minds of “others”. Moreover, it can help advance the cultural and political goals of a nation-state in different parts of the globe, counter international threats, and provide national security. Functioning as a cultural action and an efficient tool, translation can play a significant role in achieving public diplomacy goals. The study presented in this paper defines and elaborates the concept of Translation Diplomacy (TD) as a very influential sub-category of public diplomacy. It evaluates not only the performance of Iranian state organizations and actors involved in developing, dictating, enforcing and implementing the policies of the Iranian TD abroad from 1997 to 2013 but also the consequences of the activities employing mixed-method research. To this end, a questionnaire was developed based on the theoretical concepts derived from the current literature in translation studies and PD and the propositions derived from exclusive interviews done with relevant figures in the field. The questionnaire was validated and then administered among some 50 Iranian cultural diplomats to have their opinion regarding the topic of the study, providing a basis for elaborating the concept of TD thereof. The results of the study indicate that TD can be very helpful in correcting negative perceptions of foreign publics and creating positive images of TD practitioners and their culture.

In the international criminal law, the prohibition of absentia trial is preferable and the defendant's presence at the court hearing, that based on principles of contradictoriness, equality of arms and equal defense right, has been recognized as part of his rights for fair trial. In association with the acceptance of this right in the international arena, one of the defendants of the ICC cases demanded that his right to be waived and requested an exemption from attending the hearing. The emergence of this demand led to controversial issues, even caused the rules of the presence of the accused during the ICC trial to be amended. This article, while reviewing the case of William Ruto and Joshua Sang, explains the provisions of the Rome Statute in this matter and describes the different point of views about this matter. So; the ICC's decisions on this case have been described critically. The effect of this case on the General Assembly of States Parties is another part of this article that resulted to enacting amendments to regulations about absentia trial under Rules 134bis, 134ter, 134quater of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence. By enacting these rules, the possibility of absentia trial and exemption from presence of the accused, with some conditions, was provided.

The 2017 Iraqi Kurdistan’s independence referendum and its results demonstrated that independence and secessionist Kurdish movements in the region would be a persistent political issue in the coming decades. Since their desire to become an independent country in geared in the fundamental right of Self-Determination, it is quite foreseeable that the countries which have considerable Kurdish minorities within their borders would encounter critical challenges on how to deal with their nationalist and secessionist desires. Iran is one of these countries. But the tendency among Iran’s Kurds to be an independent nation is quite lower than in other countries. The present paper seeks to answer this question: what’s the role of Paradiplomacy in dealing with the Kurds for Iran’s government. The findings of the article demonstrate that by boosting the role of sub-national identities, such as Kurds, and their participation in low-politics, Paradiplomacy can strengthen the social cohesion and social cohesion, in its turn, is one of the main impediments on the way of secessionism. At the same time, Kurds can help the Iranian government to reset its relations with the Kurdish population in the region.

One of the important issues at present is the spread of religious conflicts that have affected the society and politics of different countries. The purpose of the article is to understand the roots of the conflict of Muslims and Hindus over the city of Ayodhya. The main question of the article is why there has been a conflict between Muslims and Hindus over this city? Ayodhya is an old city in the north of India. Hindus believe the city is the birthplace of Rama. In Hinduism, Rama is an avatar (embodiment) of the Hindu god called Vishnu. Hindus say that Babur the king of Gurkani destroyed the temple of Rama to build the Babri Masjid. From the middle of the nineteenth century to the present, a conflict between Muslims and Hindus took place to control Ayodhya. In 1992, this conflict led to the demolition of the Babri Masjid by an angry mob of Hindus. In this article, the role of perception of threat, the interaction between religious leaders and political officials, and social and material power resources have been examined in the conflict of Muslims and Hindus. The process tracing method has been used which explains the conflict based on causal narrative. The method of data analysis is qualitative explanatory method. The literature review shows the innovation of this research. The conclusions show that the three suggested hypotheses are important factors that explain the conflict of Muslims and Hindus over this city.

Human capital and the international flow of human capital are among the most important factors influencing economic development. This has led both developing and developed countries to focus on attracting human capital as producers of economic value. An important issue of global concern is the effects of human capital outflows on economic development in the countries of origin and the countries of destination. In this research, we used the comparative method to compare Iran and Turkey as the countries dealing with the outflow of human capital, to answer the question of how the outflow of human capital has affected their economic development. In general, there are two main approaches in this regard. The first approach focuses on the negative effects of international flow of human capital and the second approach emphasizes the positive effects of international flow of human capital on the economic development of the countries of origin. Finally, it was concluded that, especially the withdrawal of high skilled human capital would generally have a negative effect on the economic development of the countries of origin.

The European Union has faced with many challenges and difficulties to become an efficient Union. Berxit is one of an important issue that has created a major obstacle on evolution of the European Union. However, EU efforts to manage consequences of that. Questionably, how does the Berxit can impact on EU’s Foreign Policy towards Iran?  Hypothetically, the countries which are member of EU, have tried to manage the Berxit Consequences, so they are going to preserve and increase their power as an international agent Because EU countries are concerns about the consequences of Berxit that will impact on the process of EU’s Integration and uncertainty which are created in EU. This Research shows that exist of Britain from the European Union will have Political and Economic impacts on EU Foreign Policy towards other countries such as Iran. Theoretically, this Essay is based on the Integration Theory. An explanatory method is used to explain that.

United State emerged as a major economic and financial power after World War II and shaped a new order for institutionalization of world trade and financial exchanges which called Bretton Woods. During past decades, many changes have occurred in economic and trade structures of the world which has been accelerated after financial and economic crisis in 2008, but it seems that these changes have not translated in current global financial structure completely. BRICS as an emerging economic and financial block has challenged Bretton Woods institutions and strengthened the possibility of shaping new order in global finance. This article, studies how BRICKS has challenged current western based world financial structure. The article shows that BRICS group as China based club, by making new multilateral institutions and procedures and struggle for reinforcing its presence in Bretton Woods institutions not only has weakened US structural power in global finance, but has strengthened its position in this era.

The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination has come up with in-depth interpretations of the concept and scope of the Convention in order to achieve an effective mechanism of reporting by member states, as well as to fill the conceptual gaps of the Convention on Racial Discrimination. In this regard, the Committee has presented a number of complementary and developmental views on the concepts related to the Convention, including combating against hate speech, the right to self-determination, refugees and internal displaced persons, indigenous peoples, non-citizens and descent. The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination also introduced initiatives to enhance the monitoring mechanism for the periodic reports of member states and designed the mechanism for entry into the early stages and the initial points of the disputes, entitled "Early Warning and Urgent Procedure". Although the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination has acknowledged the problems of States in the field of racism and racial discrimination, the Committee's interpretations of the Convention do not respond to the various situations that have arisen within the framework of the current system and treaty and We are witnessing the emergence and formation of new mechanisms in this area. The observation of the situation with regard to the membership of our country in the above-mentioned Convention and recognition of the process is a necessity.

The Middle East region has experienced various patterns and processes of statehood since the formation of national units. The Arab awakening which encompassed the huge part of the Middle East and North Africa since 2011 was promising a fundamental transformation in the statehood patterns following an intermittent period of decline and weakness. However, the mentioned developments have been coupled with political chaos, security crisis and even civil war. Countries such as Iraq, Libya, Syria, and Yemen in which the concepts of state and nation had not been realized and authoritarian regimes had been the main factor of the connection of the state's parts, have experienced a complicated situation regarding the indexes of fragility and vulnerability. This situation in Iraq goes back to the United States invasion of Iraq in 2003 and the fall of Saddam Hossein. However, the Arab spring and the erosion of state in the region have exacerbated the vulnerability and fragility of Iraq in an unprecedented way.