نشریه پژوهش ادبیات معاصر جهان
سال بیست و پنجم شماره 1 (پیاپی 82، بهار و تابستان 1399)

This essay scrutinizes the poetry of avant-garde American writer, Gertrude Stein. Stein’s conception of poetry differs radically from traditions, particularly, Romanticism. She views poetry as a disembodied voice that speaks of experience of language. There is no connection between the poet and the reader; poetry only weaves words together from and to language. To clarify Stein’s poetics in Stanzas in Meditation, this essay utilizes the thought of contemporary French poststructuralist, Maurice Blanchot, with respect to language, ontology, and death. Stein’s poetry is discussed through three Blanchotian concepts: “naming,” “interruption,” and “remembrance.” Stein sees poetry as naming, in which names become nameless. The language that repeatedly names cannot refer to any idea, person, or situation. So poetry experiences “interruption,” the moment of facing the alien, defamiliarizing “other.” Depoeticization means purging poetry from referring to dominant reality; an untouched poetry that detests readers’ interpretations. The poet does not have any place in this neutral space, because poetry belongs to language, sounds, repetitions, silences, and words that display their matter on the page.

After proclaiming the death of Platonic ideological values, Nietzsche initially divides nihilism into two passive and active forms, and then introduces the creation of supernatural and universal recognition of life through passive nihilism to active, which, in his philosophy, is almost equivalent to the stages of the transformation of John: Camel, milk and baby. Forough Farrokhzad's poetry, on the other hand, reflects his philosophical feelings or griefs, and on the other hand, having features such as: Reflecting the value and dignity of the human emotional and emotional life, freedom of thought and struggle with common perceptions, realism, belief in dynamism and immortality, and having The transformation of life for the full acceptance of life suggests that he opposes this nihilistic worldview and his victorious passage from a passive nihilism to active. The purpose of this quest is to seek links between Nietzsche's nonsense and poetic philosophy through Nihilism with a particular worldview of Forough through the evolutionary evolutionary course of his thought and poetry.

 New approaches to narratology which mostly are connected to the western structuralism, suggest arguably that different part of a literary work on the whole make a dialectical relation actively . This therefore expands narrative research domain and bring in to play other field of humanities like psychology . Narratology is one of the contemporary school of psychology which forms part of widespread movement of social and humanities movement called 'changing paradigm' . This article is to evaluate function of letter-writing as a method of narrative by theoretical foundations and their rolls in Eric Emmanuel Schmitt' works . The authors also look at the function of letter-writing in the form of narratology as a treatment to anxiety, loneliness and frustration of the main characters of Schmitt' works ; those who with the virtue of writing letters deep down of themselves reach theism and belief . Key words: Theism, Schmitt, Epistolary novel, Narrative therapy

Schools rise up in Special social and political Conditions and reach perfection; so many writers Impress by ruling school to explain their ideas and thoughts. Genius writers select especial style to analysis social, cultural, political etc. issues within the school therefore, understanding schools of thought and personal Styles of writers have a significant role in understanding the goals expressed in their works. Also it provides good condition to get nature of literature correctly by critical attitude toward literary works to discover their inner truths. In the research, we have studied elements of symbolism and method of their using in works of Gholam Hossein Saedi and Jose Saramago by using documentary and library studies and relying on comparative analysis and description. We have released that the literary school could build bases of excellence oriented thoughts and open thoughts atmosphere. influence of the literary school in these works such that if its techniques were not used to express latent ideas, perhaps such a great and valuable works were not created.

One of the theories that is presented on the impact of literary works, is Bloom's theory of Misreading in which a kind of pugnacious dialectic, in an Oedipus way, between the former and the latter have been taken into consideration; The effort of the early author to get rid of the anxiety of being influenced could be defined as creative misreading. Due to the fact that reading the works Of the former author has Opened a certain horizon for readers, changing this horizon could be as an example of a creative misreading. changing this horizon could be performed in a variety of methods. In this paper, it is intended to study the changes which Abbas Maroufi, the author of the Symphony of the dead, have made in the genre of his own word in order to get rid of the anxiety of being influenced by the sound and the fury by William Faulkner. He has ,therefore , created a kind of creative misreading out of his former celebrated author.

Today, in some cases, the cinematic narratives are more popular than fictional narratives, so researchers can explore cultural situation of society by analyzing movies. One of the fictional narratives is postmodern narratives that emerged from 1960 in the Western Literature and shortly after that, cinematic narratives spread. In Iran, while the postmodern situation has become a problematic issue for fictional literature, it seems that this phenomenon is increasingly expanding in cinema. As producing too many worthy movies by postmodernist techniques in Iran, the researcher want to find whether these movies can be consider inherently as postmodern narratives or just they are imitation of postmodern techniques and how it is possible that these postmodernist movies have audience while there is a conflict between tradition and modernity in this society. This research, analyze postmodern Approachs and techniques in two Iranian movies. Wander in the Fog (Bahram Tavakoli; 1388), Gratuitous and Unnecessarily (Abdolreza Kahani; 1391) are examined in this study.

Adaptation is a new area in intertextual literary studies. The subject of this area is examining the way of translating a text and changing it into other medias. The novel Alice in Wonderland written by Carroll is one of works many adaptations have been done from. The purpose of the present study was examining the changes between the novel and Berton’s adapted film Alice in Wonderland. For this purpose, concerning Cahir’s viewpoint about types of cinematic adaptations from literary text as a kind of translation and Corrigan’s definition of movie faithfulness to literary work, the plot, Charectors and of novel and the movie were compared and the changes were examined. It was shown that Berton’s cinematic adaptation be taken as a traditional translation, in which characters, time, place, and the main plot of the story are kept but the added secondary plots to the story and continuous returns to the past presents new dimensions of features of Alice character to the receiver.

This article examines Saturday in terms of its ideological orientation. It is argued that Saturday’s essentially pro-war stance can be explained in terms of liberal humanist views which the novel espouses. It is argued that the novel in a sense reflects all the main features of liberal humanism: secularism transformed in the New Atheist militant stance against religion, scientism, pluralism, emphasis on the centrality of man and his liberties and rights, emphasis on the human relations and glorification of art and literature as humanizing achievements. However, considering the post-9/11 context, the writers seek to shed light on the connection between this liberal humanist tendency and neo-orientalism (with Islamophobia as one of its main features). As such, despite the liberal humanist emphasis on avoidance of prejudice and considering all sides of an issue, the novel fails to ask the essential questions about the condition of the contemporary world – the real causes of terrorism – and in effect by justifying an imperialistic war, rather unabashedly, serves power.

When French government was ruling against Algeria, the Algerian literature was a means of fighting against Colonialists. After the independence, the literature found another orientation: a large number of writers, searching a trace of the jumbled Algerian identity and trying to find an answer to the question of why violence still did not leave the country, got started to write; so many were killed, including Taher Djaout, journalist and writer whose second novel, The Bone Seekers (1984) focuses on the persistence of violence in the post-colonial age: Despite the withdrawal of the colonialism and the victory of the people in the independence wars, violence is ongoing and expanding. The present article, by analyzing Bone seekers, tries to study the novel as a combination genre and reminiscent of the forgotten and unwritten parts of history. This novel draws a society dominated by corruption, opportunism and hegemony of the violence that betrayed the aims for which people fought.

One of Stalin's policies in the Cultural Revolution was to censor art and literature. After the October Revolution there were major changes in Russian art and culture. By censorship, the political rulers tried to replace the old culture with the proletarian culture and give a justified face to the revolution and its achievements. One of the most important organizations created to accomplish the goals of the revolution was Proletcult. One of the main theorists of this organization was Bagdanov He oversaw the writers' activities and, after rigorous scrutiny and censorship, permitted the publication of literary works. Literature and art have become tools for the realization of the purposes of the revolution. In the Soviet era, art and work were in the same category of importance In this article will be examined the content of the Proletcult directives. The role and impact of the Proletcult on Russian literary of the 20th century will also be examined.

Clarifications on 'Gender Trouble', 'Performativity', and 'Speech Act' as examined in George Bernard Shaw's Pygmalion, through which sex inequalities experienced the Victorian age are revealed, can help the feminine identity better conceived as the most recent debates dating back to the last decades of the twentieth century. This research pragmatically focuses on Judith Butler's Gender Trouble theory and Eliza in Pygmalion. To Butler, whose theory of 'gender trouble' and 'performativity' is based on Austin and Searle's Speech Act Theory, the ignored and undermined feminine identity can practically revive. Butler, in favor of post-structuralism and under the influence of French feminism, views gender identity and performativity of gender in multiple disciplines such as, phenomenology, psychology, pragmatics and most evidently linguistics. The paper attempts to show the progressive views of George Bernard Shaw in that a woman can be strong and find her own identity; experience change in a short time and manage to adapt to the situation quickly.

E. L. Doctorow is the author of novels which vacillate between history and fiction, thus posing fundamental questions about history. Since he has flourished in the history-oriented Jewish tradition, interpreting his historical vision has great significance in understanding his works, among which, The Book of Daniel specifically addresses history and historiography, so it is best suited for helping us in investigating his philosophy of history. In this essay, we attempt to analyze the historical vision of Daniel, the novel’s protagonist, by recourse to Mircea Eliade’s theory and the intellectual legacy of the Hebrew prophets. Based on Eliade's ideas, we demonstrate that Daniel's new reading of the prophets' school is born out of the dialectic relationship between the historically conscious thought of the prophets and the historical discontinuity of Disneyland, the subject of the novel’s last section. To escape meaninglessness, Daniel proposes a historical discourse which relies neither on the cycle of archetypes nor the sequence of the meaningless events of profane history, but on the discontinuity and incoherence of pastiche.

Albert Camus, a Nobel Prize winner in 1957, is one of the authors who have been considered by Iranian readers, writers and poets for many years. A large number of the translated works of this author, playing his dramas in Iranian theaters, a large number of articles and theses written about this author, the attention of the press and magazines to him and so on represent the good reception of the Iranian people from this author. By now, although many researches have been done on Albert Camus, none of these researches have been done on Camus's literary acceptance based on theory of reception, which is a subcategory of the French school theory of comparative literature. Thus we have decided to Studying his acceptance in literary society in Iran. Then we define an “innovative reading” as “reading that lead to influence and try to, meanwhile investigate Camus acceptance in Iran, Answers to this question whether this admission has been accompanied by an innovative reading of his works.

This Article deals with political, social, economical, cultural and literal movements as well asrevolutions of nineteen and twenty centuries. Racial and ethnical discrimination are of the most important elements. The Blacks were one of the main victims of these ethnical and racial discrimination. They were marginalized and due to the discrimination policies. This gradually led to the formation of destructionalism and post colonialism thoughts which can be used under poscriticism. Theories and thoughts that severly fight against discrimination and marginalization of the Black society. The colony power interpreted the colonialized land on the basis of its thoughts. Literature as effective means played its important part. In this article I have dealt with the life and thoughts of two black poets: Langston Hughes and Mohammad Faitoury. The two mentioned poets not only criticized the colonialism thoughts but also they have combated against colonialism to get rid of identity crisis all over the world. This Article is going to explain these two poet's colonialism thought against Hejemony of colonialism phenomena.