نشریه رویش روان شناسی
سال نهم شماره 6 (پیاپی 51، شهریور 1399)

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the validation and factor structure of the Fear of Being Single Scale (FOBSS) in students. In a descriptive-correlation and validation study, 125 and 171 students from single students of one of the higher education institutions of Mashhad were selected through the multi-stage multistage method and completed the Fear of Being Single Scale, Need to Belong Scale, Young schema questionnaire, Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale, Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, Ten-Item Personality Inventory, The Satisfaction with Relationship Status Scale and Life satisfaction Test. Internal consistency, exploratory, and confirmatory factor analysis were analyzed. Results showed that the Fear of Being Single Scale shows the structure of an agent with an explained variance of 64.23%. Confirmatory validity was confirmed. Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficients for the scales varied from 0.82 to 0.88 and split-half coefficients varied from 0.84 to 0.89, respectively. It seems that the Fear of Being Single Scale has good reliability and validity in students.

The purpose of the present study was to compare strategies for coping with stress and self-compassion in women with and without rheumatoid arthritis. The method of this study was descriptive and causal-comparative. The statistical population of this study was all women with rheumatoid arthritis in Ardabil city in 2018. 80 women with rheumatoid arthritis and 74 women without rheumatoid arthritis were selected through available sampling. Were. Billings & Mouse (1981) and Self-Compassion (2003) were used to collect data. Research data were also analyzed using a multivariate analysis of variance. Findings from the analysis of research data showed that women with rheumatoid arthritis used cognitive and behavioral coping and compassionate behavior less than normal women and more avoidant coping (p<0.001). Given that there are fewer strategies for coping with stress and self-compassion in women with rheumatoid arthritis, these variables can play an important role in preventing the exacerbation and relapse of rheumatoid arthritis pain. Therefore, the specialists and psychologists in this field need to pay more attention to the psychological aspects of the disease.

In the present study, the lived experiences of parents of fifth-grade elementary schoolboys from the flip class and the consequences of this learning method were studied qualitatively and phenomenologically. Due to the nature of the research, purposive sampling was used that saturated data were obtained from in-depth interviews with 8 parents. Thematic analysis method and MAXQDA11 software were used to analyze the collected data as an auxiliary method for data entry. Findings from parentschr('39') lived experiences on the consequences of this method were summarized in six main themes: Improving education and learning, Classroom troubleshooting, Educational communications, Addressing Parentschr('39') educational challenges, Informing to complete learning and Learning Control. Parentschr('39') lived experiences show that from their viewpoint, the use of the flip classroom is a positive step in improving the educational level and has positive consequences in various dimensions. Implementing this method has led to the departure of traditional education and is based on the up-to-date issues and needs of students and parents, and it has the most impact on studentschr('39') learning and education.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of emotional intelligence training on studentschr('39') addiction to virtual networks. The research was a semi-experimental one with a pretest-posttest design and control group. The research population included all the female high school students of Mashhad in the second semester of the 2018-2019 academic year. Among them, 30 students who scored higher on the addiction to mobile questionnaires were selected by targeted sampling and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups each of which included 15 people. The subjects of the experimental group received the assertiveness emotional intelligence training program during eight 90-min sessions 2 sessions a week. The control group was put on the waiting list. Addiction to mobile questionnaires based on social networks (Khajeh Ahmadi & et al.2016), were used for collecting data. Univariable analysis of covariance was used for data analysis. The results of the analysis of the data showed that there was a significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental and control groups in the addiction variables to the virtual networks. The results show that emotional intelligence training can reduce studentschr('39') addiction to virtual networks.

The purpose of this study was to compare the resilience and emotional self-regulation and stress coping strategies in high school girls and boys. The research method was causative -comparative. The statistical population of the study included all girls and boys of high school in district 11 of Tehran in the school year of 96-97. The sample size was 210 (105 girls and 105 boys) who were selected by cluster sampling method. Thus, two girls chr('39')and two boyschr('39') schools were randomly selected from the high schools and the questionnaires were distributed among the students. In this study, three following Questionnaires were used: Conner-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RSC), Cognitive Emotion Regulation (CERQ), and Coping Inventory for Stressful Situation(CISS). Data were analyzed using two independent t-tests. Results showed that there was a significant difference between self-regulation scores in girls and boys and in girls more than boys (P <0.05). Also, there was a significant difference in the mean scores of the three coping styles (problem-focused, avoidant, emotion-focused) between male and female students and was higher in girls than boys (P <0.05). But there was no significant difference in mean scores of the resiliency of girls and boys (P <0.05). Therefore, it is concluded that although enhancing these three variables is necessary for boy and girl learning, self-regulation training and coping strategies in male students should be considered more and more.

Because adolescent girls are one of the most important and sensitive strata in school society, harming them due to stress and anxiety has an adverse effect on their mental state. Lack of attention to studentschr('39') stress and psychological reactions can lead to the development of anxiety. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive-based cognitive-cognitive therapy on improving cognitive decision making and cognitive problem-solving styles in female students with a generalized anxiety disorder. This was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group and randomized use. The sample consisted of 40 female students with a generalized anxiety disorder who were selected using a targeted sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. Data collection tools were a questionnaire for the state of Pennsylvania (Mayer et al., 1990), decision-making styles (Scott and Bruce, 1995), and cognitive styles (Club, 1982). A covariance test was used to analyze the data. The results showed that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy had an effect on improving cognitive decision making and cognitive problem-solving styles in female students with a generalized anxiety disorder (p <0.05). Therefore, it is suggested that in future research, this treatment be used to reduce the psychological and behavioral problems of individuals.

The purpose of this study was to compare the sense of coherence and personal intelligence in female students with and without traumatic experiences. The method of this study was causal-comparative. The statistical population of this study consisted of female students with and without traumatic experience who were in the ninth grade of education schools in one district of Rasht city during the academic year 2018-2019. The sample consisted of 160 female students (80 students with traumatic experience and 80 students without traumatic experience) who were selected through convenience sampling. In order to collect data, the Trauma Accident Screening Questionnaire - Self-Report Form (Ford et al., 2002), Antonovskichr('39')s sense of coherence Questionnaire (1993), and Meyer & Allenchr('39')s personal intelligence Questionnaire (2013) were used. The results of the analysis of variance showed that the sense of coherence and personal intelligence was different among female students with and without a traumatic experience (P˂0.001). Overall, the results of this study showed that awareness of psychological traits such as the sense of coherence and personal intelligence leads to better services for these people to experience a better quality of life and education.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of emotional literacy skills training on reducing emotional divorce and feeling lonely in betrayed women. This study was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all betrayed women of Mahshahr. 24 persons were selected by convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Gutmanchr('39')s Emotional Divorce Questionnaire (1995) and Russell, Pilva, and Cortonachr('39')s Emotional Loneliness Questionnaire (1980) were used for data collection. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze the data. The results showed that emotional literacy skills training had a significant effect on decreasing emotional divorce and feeling lonely in betrayed women (P <0.001). As a result, Since betrayed women have high levels of emotional divorce and feelings of loneliness, utilizing different approaches to psychotherapy including emotional literacy training can be effective in improving the emotional divorce and feeling alone.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the structural model of the relationship between satisfying basic psychological needs, adjustment, and the sense of connectedness with School in high school students in Mashhad. The sample consisted of 320 high school students in Mashhad who were selected by multistage sampling. Basic Need Satisfaction in Relationships scale (La Guardia, Ryan, Couchman, & Deci, 2000), High School Studentschr('39') Adjustment questionnaire (Sinha & Singh, 1993), and the sense of connectedness with school questionnaire (Brew, Beatty, and Watt, 2005) were used to measure variables. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results of the path analysis showed that there is a direct and significant effect between satisfying the basic psychological needs in relation to teachers with adjustment and the sense of connectedness with School. Psychological needs and adjustment account for 63 percent of the variation of the sense of connectedness with School. The result showed that the adjustment of students had a mediating role in the relation between satisfying basic psychological needs and the sense of connectedness with School. Teachers and school principals can use the findings of the present study to strengthen studentschr('39') participation and adjustment in school.

An extreme and harmful use of the Internet and computer games gives rise to many social, physical, and psychological challenges that disrupt people’s everyday lives. Accordingly, several countries have begun to set up Internet addiction centers. This study aimed to perform a needs assessment for establishing Internet addiction centers from the perspective of experts. In terms of data collection, the study is survey-based and descriptive. Fourteen participants were selected purposively from among faculty members of the psychology, educational science, and sociology faculty of Isfahan University. The data were collected via in-depth, semi-structured interviews and analyzed using Colaizzi’s method. Based on the results, five categories were identified: necessities and requirements, administrative and organizational issues, structural planning, public acceptance and promotion, and the barriers to the establishment of Internet addiction centers. To establish these centers, the findings indicate, it is necessary to consider administrative issues, necessities and requirements, barriers, and mechanisms for increasing public acceptance from different dimensions. Based on this study, detailed information is provided for managers to establish these centers.

Enriching training sessions and maximizing student learning skills are always a concern of  sports coaches and  teachers. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Visual and Kinetic Mental Imagery on the Basketball Triple-Shoot Learning with emphasis on the Inner and Outer Dimension of Mental Imagery. The research design was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest and control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all Female students of physical education in Kermanshah Islamic Azad University during the  second  half of the  academic year of 2018-2019. Sixty beginner female students participated in this study by purposeful sampling. The participants completed the  Hall and Martin(1997)  movement imaging questionnaires and Then they were divided into 5 groups based on their scores(Inner Visual Mental Imagery, Outer Visual Mental Imagery, Inner Kinetic Mental Imagery, Outer Kinetic Mental Imagery and control group).  The training sessions consisted of six training sessions  in which the experimental groups performed 30 imaging exercises and 30 Basketball Triple-Shoot exercises per session. One-way covariance analysis and one-way variance analysis were used to analyze the data. The results showed that there was significant differences between imaging groups and the control group in post-test of Basketball Triple-shooting(p<0/01) And the external vision imaging group performed better in the post-test than the other imaging groups(p<0/01). Results showed that imaging is one of the factors affecting the learning of different motor skills and both internal and external aspects of imaging improve of learnerschr('39') performance and learning.

The purpose of this study was to standardize, reliability and explore exploratory factor analysis of school commitment questionnaire among high school students. The research method was descriptive-survey and the statistical population consisted of high school male students in Tabriz in the academic year of 2018-2019. From this population 350 people were selected by multistage cluster sampling method. To collect data, questionnaire of commitment to school and achievement motivation was used. Data analysis was performed using exploratory analysis, correlation coefficient and Cronbachchr('39')s alpha. The findings showed that factor analysis on the data indicated that there were six factors in the school commitment scale which accounted for about 54% of the total variance of the scale. The Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient of the whole questionnaire was 0.91 and according to this coefficient it can be said that the scale has good reliability. The convergent validity of the questionnaire also showed that there is a positive and significant correlation between the sense of commitment to school and the hermeneutic achievement motivation and this result confirms the convergent validity of the sense of commitment to school. Therefore, the validity and reliability of this questionnaire were confirmed. The School Commitment Questionnaire can be used as a reliable and valid tool in educational situations.

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between parental perceptions with religious beliefs considering the mediating role of critical thinking. The research method was a descriptive correlation and path analysis. The population of this study was students in secondary schools in the city Khoramdareh with ages 15 to 17 years. The number of 162 high school pupils selected with random cluster sampling among high schools. To collect data, the scale of perception of parents (POPS; Grolnick et al., 1997), Post-Critical Belief Scale (PCBS; Duriez, Fontaine and Hutsebaut, 2000) and California critical thinking dispositions inventory (CCTDI; Peter Facione, Noren Facione, and Giancarlo, 2001 ) used. The results of path analysis showed that critical thinking as a mediator variable had a positive relation with relativism, orthodox, and religious dialogue. Among predicting variables only parental engagement had a positive relationship with external critics as criterion variables. As a result, critical thinking explained 16% of variance as mediator variables in predicting religious beliefs in students. In sum, increasing the level of critical thinking in students could have an important role in criticizing religious issues.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of impulse control training on aggressive behaviors of students with specific learning disorder. The research method was semi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design with control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all students with specific learning disorder in the elementary schools of Ahwaz in the 2018-2019. The research sample included 30 students with specific learning disorder which were Multi-stage cluster selected from students with specific learning disorder from elementary schools in Ahwaz. They were randomly assigned to either experimental (15 students) or control (15 students) groups. The impulse control training was provided for the experimental group in 8 sessions of 45 minutes for one month. To assess aggressive behaviors, Bass and Perrychr('39')s (1992) questionnaire on aggression was used. The results of  Multivariable Analyze of Variance indicated that impulse control training significantly reduces the aggressive behaviors of students with specific learning disorder. This finding suggests that impulse control training can be effective as a learning method for improving the psychological and educational processes and behavioral problems of children with specific learning disorder.

Health as a matter of personal and social value, in accordance with the Statute of the World Health Organization, and to the eyes of all nations and to all schools, one of the most basic rights and needs; Human beings are considered to be at the highest level of social and national goals of all states. The education and training system, meanwhile, is one of the largest and most extensive systems within any society that determines the fate of a community in the long run. This research was a kind of applied research that was done by field research method. The method of analysis was the analysis of the information, the description of the foundations and the analysis of the theoretical inference. To validate the proposed model, the statistical population consisted of 40 curriculum specialists and 360 first grade teachers in the city of Rasht in the academic year of 2019-2020. The researcher-made questionnaire consisting of 32 items on a 5-point Likert scale (ranging from very low 1 to very high 5) was used to provide validity to this survey. The questionnaire was used for face validity and content validity and was approved for the reliability of the questionnaire according to guidance and counseling professors and 9 other experts in the curriculum and experienced teachers in the first high school. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency distribution) and inferential statistics (Chi-square test). Findings and results showed that more than 85% of curriculum specialists and first grade teachers endorsed the characteristics of goals, content, teaching-learning and evaluation strategies in this model. Also, there was no significant difference between the viewpoints of curriculum specialists and first grade teachers about the characteristics of these elements (P> 0.05). Therefore, this model can play an important role in promoting the health education and health development of students.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychological factors affecting the delay in progress of multiple sclerosis. The present study was a qualitative research with content analysis approach. The statistical population of this study was all secondary progressive multiple sclerosis patients referred to MS clinic in Sina Hospital and they had been enter to progressive phase with delay. Sampling was initially purposeful and then continued theoretically and the final sample reached thirteen individuals after theoretical saturation. Structured interviews and semi structured interviews with open-ended questions were selected as the data collection method. Data were analyzed through coding the interviews and qualitative content analysis. The analysis of the data led to the production of the main themes of Assistance Mechanisms that it consisted of three main categories of Effective Coping Style, Perceived Social Support, and Hardiness and Resilience, and seven subcategories derived from these main categories. The findings of this study showed that some psychological factors in the course of multiple sclerosis can play a protective and auxiliary role for affected persons and delay the inevitable entry into the secondary progressive phase, reduce the rate of disease progression, and prevent recurrent attacks.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate The Effectiveness of Cognitive-behavioral training in anger control on Sympathy and Mental Health in Bullying Male Adolescents with Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder. This research was a quasi-experimental research with pre-test and post-test design with control group. The statistical population consisted of all bullying Male Adolescents of Yazd in the academic year of 1399-1999. 30 participants were selected Withpurposive sampling method and randomly assigned into experimental and control groups (15 participants in the experimental and 15 in the control group). The research tool was the) empathy questionnaire (Davies, 1983) and General Health questionnaire (Goldberg,1972) that the experimental and control groups responded to in the pre-test and post-test stages. Covariance analysis was used to analyze the data. Results showed that the effect of cognitive-behavioral training on anger control on empathy and mental health of bullying boys students with ADHD (P <0.001). It is recommended that educational centers and schools as well as schools use this treatment to reduce the problems of overactive and bullying students.

For decades, gaming has been a method used by psychologists and researchers to treat a wide range of psychological disorders and problems and its effectiveness has been confirmed. In recent years, prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation for various patients by using computer games have become increasingly popular by physicians, psychologists, and even patients. Of course, there is limited research on mental health interventions in the form of digital games, and even less to guide developers on how to develop such games, especially within the country. This article focuses on understanding how digital games are applied and developed in the treatment process and mental health interventions. This article has shown that these types of games can affect the process of psychological health, well-being, and treatment of various mental disorders and problems. The benefits and uses and role of computer games in addressing some of the limitations of traditional psychological therapies and the limitations of computer games in the field of psychotherapy have also been addressed. In addition, guidelines and suggestions for developing computer games for mental health interventions are provided.

Clinical and empirical evidence in support of Sidney Blatt’s theory suggests that depression revolves around two topics: interpersonal concerns such as feelings of abandonment and loneliness (anaclitic depression) and self-image disorder such as feelings of personal failure, inadequacy, and perfectionism (introjective depression). However, previous research, in line with the Roden et al.’s Model, considers narcissistic vulnerability to be the basis of depression, the essence of which is the experience of shame avoided by patients with both types of anaclitic and introjective depression through a certain type of defense mechanism. Although the two types of depression have similar symptoms, they need independent treatments with different levels of emphasis, so that patients with anaclitic depression need agency and independence in interpersonal relationships, while those with introjective depression need an emphasis on self-compassion. Although Blatt et al. have theoretically separated these two groups of depressed patients for many years, no studies have seriously focused on the common underlying factors in the two groups of patients and the different defenses of each group to avoid the underlying factors and subsequently design an appropriate treatment. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the common underlying factors of the two types of depression for which to seek appropriate treatment.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the meaning of life in elderly people living in retention centers. The methodological approach used in this study is qualitative and the research method is phenomenological. The research population of all the elderly in Tehran was 1397. Among them, 15 elderly people who were kept in nursing homes voluntarily and purposefully participated in this study. Six of the elderly were women and 9 were men. The selection criteria were those over 65 years of age. Information was collected and recorded through in-depth, semi-structured in-person interviews. Data were analyzed by qualitative data coding method. The analysis unit in this study was sentence. The findings were obtained in 73 subcategories that were categorized into 11 main categories: Belief in God and the Hereafter, Fun, Marriage, Marriage, Relationships, Pleasures, Dealing with New Generation, Worries, Hopes, Health and life definition. The elderly in the present study benefit from living in the elderly home with less communication and enjoyment than their hobbies. It seems that two basic factors of life expectancy and their definition of algebraic life have an important role in the meaning of life in the elderly.