مجله منظر
پیاپی 52 (پاییز 1399)

Multifunctionality is a strategy for developing healthy, biodiversity-friendly, and sustainable productive urban and rural landscapes that have recently attracted the attention of researchers. Multifunctional landscapes simultaneously provide food security, livelihood opportunities, maintain of species and ecological functions, and fulfill cultural, aesthetic recreational needs. The traditional gardens and landscapes usually recognized as multifunctional open spaces. While in Iran, the Persian garden encompassed a wide variety of functions including recreational, productive, habitat, and cultural services, the landscape multifunctionality of the historical gardens has not yet been investigated. In response to this gap, the authors selected the Akbariyeh World Heritage Garden, one ofthe most significant Persian gardens in the East of Iran, to investigate the features of the multifunctional landscape in this garden. Accordingly, the main question of the research is whether Akbariyeh garden, as a prototype of the traditional historical garden, encompasses a multifunctional landscape? What are the characteristics of the multifunctional landscape in Akbariyeh garden and in which category of multifunctionality is it classified? The research was benefited from the field studies, historical documents, and interviews with experts, as well as holding a discussion group in February 2020. The researchers used the data from the field studies, historical documents, and interviews with experts, as well as holding a discussion group in February 2020.The results of this study show that Akbariyeh garden can be recognized as a traditional multifunctional landscape. Furthermore, among three main models of landscape multifunctionality (mosaic, weighted, and radical), Akbariyeh garden embraced the weighted multifunctional landscape model (integration several homogeneous functions in the spatial unit).

The presence of disabled in the tourism industry is an integral opportunity for tourist destination cities to use this integral potential. Disabled-Friendly City is a city that can provide an urban space that is suitable for the disables.This paper analyzes the multilateral analysis of the disabled-friendly city with the landscape approach and aims to introduce the strategies that can be considered in the conceptual model of designing the desired urban space for disabled tourists. The method employed in this research was descriptive-analytical. By examining and analyzing the data extracted from the valid papers, an analytical inference has been made to examine the friendly urban landscape of the disabled friend. Studies in this research paper suggests that the urban landscape of disabled-friendly city disabled, as a tourist destination, can be shaped by strategies for accessibility, appropriate, rehabilitating, equalizing opportunities, quality, preventing social exclusion, and creating special attractions for people with disabilities. These strategies increase the participation of the disabled in tourism and prioritize the choice of the city as a tourist destination. Each of these strategies includes policies and actions that make the city a good place for disabled tourists.

Landscape is a historical approach for experiencing and recognizing the world, and like cultural text and picture, it is capable of conveying the worldview of the people. Rural landscapes are known as both natural and cultural landscapes that represent the socialization of nature through the possession of a cultural and ethnic assembly. The landscape of Kamu village stems from the organization of the environment and natural components based on the shared beliefs, semantics, and values of the inhabitants. In this village, natural elements account for the communication and information tools that, in the form of cultural tenets, conduct concepts and definitions and exhibit the rural landscape as a single and figurative whole being with a transparent mechanism. This paper intends to examine the symbolic role of the environment and natural elements in the formation of the landscape of Kamu village and the ways in which this subject has been affected by the main semantics, dogmas, and definitions of residents, and stirs their' knowledge of the environment and how to regulate and manage it. The methodology in the present research is qualitative and ethnographic. With the scientific approach and analysis of the semantics of ethnic landscape and landscape understanding, a conceptual model of symbolic landscape perception is expressed, and the role of natural elements in shaping the landscape of Kamu village is illuminated. Data collection at the stage of explaining theoretical grounds is of the library type, and at the stage of the case study, it is of the field type. The representative nature of the rural landscape is seen in the environment to the landscape, the natural components to the cultural figures, and the interactors to the cultural group developments.  Beyond their functional role in a representative way, natural details refer to a blend of values and beliefs that promote the audience's comprehension of the rural environment, beyond collecting information from the physical environment, to the symbolic understanding of the landscape in the landscape of Kamu village. This subject is developed in the environment's answer to the material and semantic needs of the inhabitants: Satisfying the material needs, such as livelihood and shelter, relying on the narrative role of the landscape, has exhibited the potential of the natural setting. Further, responding to semantic needs, including social and aesthetic needs, relying on the poetic regard of the landscape, conveys the naturalistic beliefs of the residents.

The difference in the form of Iranian cities between the present and the past and the eclecticism in the view of today's cities are interpreted as unoriginality or crisis of identity by some critics of architecture and urban planning. Meanwhile, the elimination of the body of the traditional cities and the creation of a huge change in the urban bodies in terms of form, material, and color of the buildings compared to the past is what justifies the elimination of the identity. It is as if proving the originality of the urban facades lies in preserving the bodily ornaments of the past. Also, variation and formal changes do not go with maintaining the identity or character, insofar as it is acknowledged as identity crisis, and imposes considerable expenses on the urban management for reviving the lost identity. This article seeks to find the philosophical reason for this perception among urban experts and practitioners. By referring to the ideas of Mulla Sadra in the written sources, this qualitative research proceeds to conclude through rational and philosophical reasoning. The philosophical innovation of Mulla Sadra, "Principality of Existence", against "Principality of Quiddity", proves that identity is a matter of being. The expression of the motion in the essence of the object means the negation of consistency and stagnation and the proof of dynamism in the "identity". This means that instead of relying on the characteristics of quiddity such as constant figure, tone, and material, one should look for existential attributes such as humanism, order, and righteousness, which have accompanied the urban appearance through its history. Likewise, the identity crisis must be sought in the absence of existential attributes such as plurality, order, plus the dictation of fixity and stagnation. Thus, the resolutions of this approach are against the Principality of Quiddity, non-figurative, and, in fact, epistemological. At this view, the urban facade organization plans, which seek restoration and repetition of the form, material, and colors of the past to it, do not have a firm philosophical basis.

Introducing the cities, the city entrance spaces offer the first mental image of the city to the observers. The city entrance spaces are of special importance due to their different potentials inducing various activities. Therefore, finding the most important influential components affecting the users’ behavioral patterns and devising a proper solution for finding the criteria affecting the city entrance space design is a prominent issue which urban designers study today. The research question of this study endeavor to contemplate the formation of behavioral patterns based on the relationship between different perceptual, physical, social and etc. aspects of city entrance spaces. In this regard, Quran Gate of Shiraz, as a leading example having different spatial and perceptual components and as an urban space with high level of various activities, is selected and its behavioral patterns are comprehensively analyzed. This study adopts a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods with a purpose of evaluating the physical, cultural, identifying and perceptual characteristics. In this study the qualitative observation and analysis are conducted using behavioral mapping techniques, questionnaires, interviews and photo analysis. The most significant environmental components affecting the users’ behavior at the city entrance spaces, according to theorists such as Lang, Barker and Canter, are categorized into three groups: the physical factors, the cultural, social, identity factors, and finally psychological and perceptual factors. The results show that the components of identity and desirable visual quality have the greatest impact on attracting users to the city entrance spaces. Moreover, the visual quality of landscapes and the surrounding views is directly related to space presence and space. The influence of this component is greater than the effect of other components such as privacy and spatial layout.

The cities of Mecca and Medina attracted the attention of orientalists as early as the 16th century, but primarily because they were the scene of the birth of Islam and less as eastern urban entities, like Istanbul or Cairo for example. Nevertheless, as these two cities were off-limits to them, it was less through visiting and more through the collation of Arab and Persian sources that scholars came to know them, depending on the orientation of these primary sources. When some travellers were able to visit them, their interest remained focused on the sanctuaries. The history and topography of the sanctuaries were undoubtedly detailed, but the urban organization and social history of the less investigated localities.