فصلنامه تحقیقات کاربردی علوم جغرافیایی
پیاپی 60 (بهار 1400)

The aim of this research is to investigate drought stress in rangeland rangelands in Ardabil province. According to the monthly rainfall data, 4 synoptic stations of Ardebil province (Ardebil, Khalkhal, Meshgin Shahr and Parsabad Moghan) during the statistical period of 2016-1996 were used to calculate drought index (SEPI) index for 4 periods of 1, 3, 6 and 9 months. Landsat TM and OLI satellite imagery was also used to prepare landslide classification maps based on the maximum probability model and calculation of vegetation indices NDVI, EVI, SAVI and LAI. In order to investigate the relationship between the studied indices, Pearson correlation coefficient (R) and root mean square error (RMSE) have been used. The results of the classification showed that the extent of the rangelands of Ardebil province in 1394 in the year 1377, both in the rangeland and in the rangelands, is a significant decrease. According to the results of SPI, the drought condition during 2011-2015 is more than the other periods studied. Vegetation dispersal maps were based on decision tree tree classification algorithm and according to NDVI index for the studied months. Also, according to the results of the evaluation, the highest correlation was observed between the NDVI index and the 6-month SEPI index, and the lowest mean squared error was found between the SAVI index and the 6-month SEPI index, but in general, the most suitable indicator for Drought monitoring in Ardebil province pastures is a 6-month NDVI and SEPI indicator.

Radar sensors obtain regular and frequent radar images from which ground motion can be precisely detected using a variety of different techniques. The interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) is utilized to retrieve the spatial characteristics of the largest coseismic landslide Maleh-Kabood, induced by the Ms 7.3 Azgleh earthquake in Kermanshah Province, Iran. The available seven interferometric pairs with good coherence selected from the Sentinel 1, 2 imagery data covering the NW-Zagros mountainous area are used in the study. The post-seismic topographic change relative to the pre-seismic over the landslide area is spatially mapped from the persistent scatterer network adjustment solution. The quantitative estimation of local elevation change, mass sliding volume and deposit thickness associated with the landslide is conducted. The spatial pattern of mass movement suggests that the giant landslide is characterized by a major sliding length of 3570 m along the NW–SE directions with an extension width of 1500-2300 m along the Maleh-Kabood and Ghoch-Bashi gully respectively, and a peak height change of 20 m in the vertical direction neat mountain ridge. The affected area of landslide mass movement reaches 6.0 km2 (577 Hectares) with the volume up to 500 million m3. Comparative studies indicated that the Maleh-Kabood landslide is the largest landslide in Iran over the past few centuries. The study also demonstrates the potential of InSAR technique as an alternative to allow the quantitative measurement of mass wasting volume associated with earthquake-induced giant landslides.

This paper focuses on convergence with the measures and activities of the global assemblies in order to promote the resilience of cities against earthquakes and to pay attention to their physical- skeletal development process, to analyze the resilience of the city of Zanjan and to design scenarios against the earthquake hazard.   The criteria used in order of priority and importance include: type of structure, building quality, building life, number of floors, occupancy level, enclosure coefficient, building density, grading, distance from the fault, number of units in the building, user adaptability, slope and facade Building, Which are applied in the three earthquake resilience scenarios after analytical hierarchy analysis (AHP) based on (relation No. 1). According to the maps drawn from the scenarios, the resiliency rate in the central and southern parts of the city was weak and very weak and as far as we move north, west, and east, we increase the amount of physical resilience of the area. However, no resonance images in the scenario maps show any area with a very resilient domain. As in Ramallah scenarios 7 and 8, the resilience is in a non-resilient and very weak domain. The analysis shows that, according to the maps in any of the areas, there is no stability in the resilience That is, no area in the assessment of all criteria is resilient.

The occurrence of unplanned accidents is a global issue, and lack of preparedness and resilience in this area can lead to significant losses. Therefore, restitution is an important way to strengthen urban communities by utilizing their capacity. In this regard, the main objective of this research is to investigate the difference in the level of resilience indices in the three districts of a metropolitan area of ​​Tabriz. This research is in terms of the type of the target and the method is descriptive of survey type. The required data were collected using library studies and field surveys at the household level. The statistical population of the households in region 1 of Tabriz Metropolitan is estimated to be 382 families according to the Cochran formula. After data collection, the analysis of the difference in resilience with ANOVA and Tukeychr('39')s post hoc test were analyzed. The results of the research show that there is a difference between the regions in terms of the resiliency indicators. So that the least amount of resilience with an average of 173/46 was allocated to households in area one and the largest with average of 252/61, to the area of ​​three regions of a metropolis of Tabriz. On the other hand, the results of the two-to-two-region comparison show that the mean of zone A alleviation in comparison with the two and three regions was 34/931 and 79/157, respectively, and the resilience of the region of two in Comparison with area 3 is 44/226 times lower than that, but the resilience of area 3 compared to the other two regions is 79/157, 44/226 times more. In the following, suggestions for improving the resilience of the study area are presented.

Creating a creative city and creative tourism are considered as one of the most successful urban management practices to attract material and immaterial capital. In pursuit of this goal, Miran-e-Shahriy has been developing a creative tourism infrastructure. The metropolis of Tabriz has also been selected as the capital of the Islamic countries for tourism in 2018, with its huge potential. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of effective factors on the realization of creative tourism and the infrastructure of this city in the pursuit of this goal. The type of research, applied and its descriptive-analytical method is correlation. Data analysis was done by statistical tests. Prioritization of the elements of the creative city and urban areas is in line with the development of creative tourism, using network analysis and topsis models. The statistical population of the study is 758421 people living in Tabrizchr('39')s 10th district. Of these, 384 people have been selected using Cochranchr('39')s formula and simple random sampling.The variable of this research is 10 criteria with 16 sub-criteria. The results of statistical tests showed that all components of the creative city have a significant correlation with the level of creativity of urban areas of Tabriz. In this regard, the two variables of creativity and creative class infrastructure were the most correlated with 0.583 and 0.557. The results of the ANP model showed that the criteria for creativity and creative class infrastructure with the score of 0.389 and 0.269 have the most importance in the formation of the creative city. The study of the status of different regions of the city according to the indicators of the creative city showed that eight of them are more suitable due to the concentration of historical works, shopping centers and recreation centers. As a result, practical solutions have been developed for using urban infrastructure to form a creative city and identify Tabriz to Islamic countries.

The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze turbulence, fluctuations and jumps of Iranian regions. For this purpose, environmental data has been gathered in two parts. In the first part of the data, the results of the interpolation of the daily precipitation observations of 1434 stations of climate and climate were used from the beginning of 1340 to 1383. After the formation of a database to identify the Iranian regions, a cluster analysis was used on average data and annual and monthly rainfall variation coefficients. Silhouette analysis has been used to validate the Iranian rainy areas. In order to investigate disturbances, mutations and fluctuations in Iranchr('39')s rainy areas, this study was carried out. The results of cluster analysis indicate that Iranchr('39')s peripheral areas are divided into six classes. In the meantime, the Caspian region (area 4) has the highest rainfall and the lowest coefficient of variation. The distribution of rainfall regime in each of the six areas shows that Iranchr('39')s precipitation regime is more frequent in winter and spring and sometimes in autumn. Investigation and analysis of rainfall turmoil has shown that rainfall, except in the 4th district (Caspian region), in other areas of distribution of rainfall occurred along with disturbance. Although most disturbances occur in the zagros area, the highest sequence of disturbances is related to the fifth load region. The least sequence of disturbances occurred in the central and eastern part of the country. The results of mutation analysis and fluctuations indicate that rainfall disturbances, except in the early years of precipitation regions two and five in other regions of the other regions, have no significant mutation, while short-term fluctuations of 3-5 years on rainfall Each of the six domains has dominated.

For many coastal countries, maritime supremacy has always been a major concern of their grand strategies. The existence of islands is one of the most important means to acquisition of maritime supremacy in maritime territories. Iran, Due to its maritime position, has many islands in the Persian Gulf, the most important of which are the Triple  islands (Greater Tunb, Lesser Tunb and Abu Musa). The political issue of the United Arab Emirateschr('39') claim to the islands and their very strategic position has made these islands very important in the Persian Gulf maritime supremacy. Therefore, the analysis of how these islands affect Iranchr('39')s maritime supremacy is considered as the main issue of this paper. Here, the method of data collection is library and documentary. Then, the collected data were analyzed by qualitative- inferential method. The results show that the Triple  islands in various ways have expaned the Iranian maritime supremacy and have helped to stabilization Iranchr('39')s maritime supremacy in the Persian Gulf and the Strait of Hormuz. These islands have increased  the Iran’s Maritime supremacy by extension Iranchr('39')s maritime sovereignty under international maritime law and the FIR line, located adjacent to the Hormuz International Waterway, defination maritime traffic Corridors, and playing the role of Warship in Iranchr('39')s naval navy.

the purpose of the present study is to examine the effective factors in the institutional challenges of citizen participation in sustainable urban regeneration in Tabriz city. The present research is developmental-applied regarding the purpose and methodologically hybrid which uses both qualitative and quantitative methods. The study population was selected for interviewing among managers and experts from organizations related to the subject of research. To analyze the quantitative findings, the spss22 software and the NVivo10 software were used to analyze the field interviews. The results of this study indicate that Tabriz city faces significant institutional challenges in the area of sustainable urban regeneration, though it is possible to increase the participation of citizens in urban regeneration projects, and take a step towards meeting these challenges through utilizing institutional components of effective citizen participation in urban regeneration, changing the view of authorities towards capacity and the capabilities of NGOs, the establishment and development of NGOs in relation to urban renewal and regeneration and the removal of legal barriers associated with NGOs can.

Persistent spaces and phenomena over time and load and become part of collective memories. In this way, paying attention to the durability of space design increases the sense of belonging to space, in this case space does not belong only to the present. Considering the importance of sustainability, the purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting the survival of urban spaces, with emphasis on the multiplication of effective daily life in three areas of the Tabriz market (Grand mosque, Rasteh bazar, and Saheb-ol-amr square). The research method is a descriptive-analytic study used for collecting information using documentary and field (survey) method. Also, in this research, in addition to applying the qualitative method for analyzing the causes of durability in the studied areas, quantitative method of analysis of variance was used to investigate the durability of urban spaces in the studied areas. The findings of the research indicate that within the boundaries of the Grand mosque, the spirituality factor (0.376), socioeconomic and functional (0.352), in the range of Rasteh bazar of the identity factor (0.314) and within the range of Saheb-ol-amr square, the factor of spirituality (0.327) and identity (0.305) is the most important reason for the survival of the studied areas. The results also show that the various components of everyday life have oddities that, while repeated in the daily life cycle, are linear (progressive, regressive, and fixed), which in two parts are all in part and in part In general, they affect the survival and decline of spaces. In the meantime, the approaches and cultural components derived from the whole are in part like the rituals and cultures of a community, have and will have a significant impact on the survival and increase of durability of spaces. Therefore, the continuation of rituals and cultural ceremonies in the studied areas can provide a lasting space for these spaces.

Themain purpose of this research is to analyze status of resilience indicesin the worn out and old fabricof Farujcity. Inthis regard, 32 indicators in four dimensions of physical-environmental, social, economic and institutional-managerial were selected based on theoretical studies of the research. In the next step, a questionnairebased on these indicators was designed and distributed among the residents of the study area. A total of 380 households participated in completion of questionnaires. Then, the collected data were entered into SPSS and analyzed by single sample t-test.Four dimensions of resilience were compared with each other and based on average scores. The results indicated that resilience in the institutional-management dimension with the average score of 2.70 is ranked first. Thesecond rank of resilience was for the physical-environmental dimension with a mean score of 2.47. Finally, social and economic dimensions were ranked third and fourth, respectively. Inanother section of the study, the importance coefficient of each indicator was estimated based on expertschr('39') opinions. Then, the results were integrated and indicators with higher priorities were identified. In this method, we are looking for indicators with a low average score but a high coefficient of importance. Based on the analysis, we found nine indicators with these characteristics, of which we can refer to indicators such as access to temporary accommodation, awarenessabout the occurrence of natural and human disasters in the neighborhood, the level of awareness about reactions, how to behave appropriately during the crisis, job security, financial strength of residentsto participate in resolving the crisis, and the extent to which the insurance organizations support the residents.

Examining the degree of poverty in every community is the first step taken towards planning for fighting against poverty and deprivation. With understanding the poverty change process over time, planners can make the necessary decisions. The present study aims to investigate the spatial zoning and analysis of urban poverty in Mashhad City. To this end, necessary data were collected and employed from various sources. The final map was obtained from the integration and overlapping of effective criteria in urban poverty zoning using the expertschr('39') viewpoints and reviewing the research background with emphasis on GIS spatial analysis. According to the final map, 33.05% of Mashhad’s area enjoys very good conditions in terms of the study criteria of zoning urban poverty. This area covers Felestin, Sajjad, Goharshad, Razi, Baharan, Valiasr, Fareghotahsilan, Hafez, Isargaran etc. areas. The second rank (covering 18.75% of the city’s area), indicating the appropriate situation, includes Elahiyyeh, Janbaz, Tarbiat, Honarvar, etc. areas. The third rank (covering 19.28% of the city’s area) is in moderate conditions, including different areas of the city including Railway, Northern Tabarsi, Vahdat, Amir Abad, Keshavarz and Mo’oud areas. The fourth rank (covering 8.46% of the city’s area) is in the inappropriate situation, covering areas such as Sis Abad, Eivan and some parts of District 7. The fifth rank (covering 20.43% of the city’s area), is in very poor conditions, consisting of Jahed Shahr, Abu Zar, Rabat, Enghelab, Baharestan, Panjtan Al-e-Aba, Shahid Ghorbani and Mehdi Abad areas.

Dust is referred to sediments of less than 100 microns in size which are transmitted as suspended particles. Dust storms are events which naturally occur in arid and semi-arid areas, especially in subtropical latitudes. One of the most known sources of dust is the west of Asia, including Arabian Peninsula, Syria, Iraq, and Iran, especially Khuzestan Province. The purpose of this study is to investigate the frequency and trend of dust phenomena on hourly, monthly, seasonal and annual scale between 1995 and 2015 in Khuzestan Province. The method in this study is based on statistical computation of dust parameters and also the trend analysis of data based on Mann-Kendall test and spatial distribution maps of dust phenomena. The results suggests that 78.57 percent of dust event are occurred between 9.30 am to 15.30 pm local time, concurrent with peak of sun radiation and earth surface warming, dryness of soil and local pressure difference. The hourly trend analysis is increasing and significant in all hours and the highest increase occurred at 9.30 pm to 12.30 pm.49 percent of dusty days occurred in June, July and May and also 73 percent of them are in spring and summer as following from temperature increase and water and soil resources drying in the province. The seasonal and annual spatial distribution of dust indicates that most of dusty days in all seasons are located in west of province which suggests dominance of external sources as the main source of dust and the importance of topography factor in this area.The Z value spatial analysis suggests high increase of dust event in recent 20 years in southeast, south and central areas of the province and also on last hours of day which demonstrator development of internal sources activities in increasing trend of dust event in recent decades.

In present century the air transportation has had a very important role in relations between different countries of the world ,as exchanging of culture, showing the economical and military power and speeding the vital affairs of a country and in this case airports form a very critical role in the Air Transportation system An airport is the most infrastructural part of the transportation industry in each country. Therefore, recognizing the problems of this sector of the aviation industry is effective on expediting activities related to the transportation of passengers, the development of the flight network, the growth of the physical airport, reduction in air accidents and problems caused by the proximity to residential areas (colliding with residential areas and noise pollution). In this regard, the aim of the present study is to investigate the problems of Mehrabad International Airport as the most important airport for domestic flights from the aerodrome point of view and the flight network based on standard indices of the national aviation industry. Therefore, among the experts of the aviation industry (pilots, officials and personnel working at Mehrabad Airport), 240 individuals were selected as the sample and a researcher made questionnaire was distributed among them. The application of factor analysis model and SPSS and Lisrel software revealed that the most important problems of Mehrabad Airport are proximity to residential areas, causing noise pollution for residents around the airport, adjacent to the military airport, lack of proper distance from other airports, and its role as flight origin for domestic flights in the Iran’s national airline, totally explain 83.79 % of the common variance. Other variables have not been able to justify significant variance.

The classical methods, also known as hard methods, are based on the accuracy of calculations, while the real world is founded on the inaccuracy of boundaries and the uncertainties, which is more consistent with soft computing methods. Each of these methods has its own strengths and weaknesses, and the hybridization theory was introduced to solve these problems. In the hybridization theory, which is also called intelligent hybrid systems, two or more single intelligent methods are combined to eliminate or rectify the shortcomings and limitations of single methods. In this study, forest degradation was modeled by employing the single-perceptron neural network and hybrid neuro-fuzzy method. For this purpose, the images from Landsat-5 TM sensor in 1999 and Landsat 8 OLI sensor in 2017 were utilized. Then, the degraded and non-degraded forest areas were sampled in 200 locations. Seven factors identified as the most effective factors in forest degradation, including the distance from the features like city, river, village, sea, and road, elevation and slope were measured for the 200 locations. The mean squared error (MSE) was used to evaluate the performance of models, which was 0.0535, 0.0704, and 0.0908 for the perceptron neural network in the Levenberg-Marquardt, Bayesian regularization, and scaled conjugate gradient algorithms, respectively. Also, the MSE value for the neuro-fuzzy model in the optimization and hybrid algorithms was 0.0190 and 0.0102, respectively. The analysis of the results showed the optimal performance of the neuro-fuzzy method both in reducing the error and in generalizing the model. Relying on the uncertainty rule, the neuro-fuzzy model provides the conditions that are closer to reality and have been more successful than the perceptron model at selecting the appropriate data.

Increased urbanization, population growth and socio-economic and environmental problems besides growth and development of ICT at the global level are the sign of the 21st century. The contradiction between economic growth and environmental protection, encountering ultra-modern citizens with industrial cities and lack of responsibility to current citizens has led to a smart sustainable city that thanks to ICT such as IoT following to solve mentioned problems. This paper beside introducing smart sustainable approach as a counterpoint to Neoliberal approach, assessing emergence, evolution, aspects, indices, and differences between similar approaches like smart city. This research from the view of aim is basic research and from the view of nature and research method is descriptive analytic one. The results of the research indicate that also there is no universal definition of smart sustainable city, but there is an agreement on the final goal to obtain sustainable development. The reason for this necessity is the third wave of sustainability and crisis of social, economic and environmental challenges in the context of the cities. Also, primary focus of these definitions is equity and social inclusiveness, quality of life, efficiency, flexible infrastructure, ICT and environment protection. Furthermore, there was such a futuristic gap in the definition of smart sustainable city that a new definition presented based on future study approach. In contrast to similar approaches, the core of the smart sustainable city is ICT and environment protection. Also, results shows that for implementation of this aprroah inaddtion to use theory of change, future study and systems theory, should consider the slogan of “think globaly and act localy” and localization of smart sustainable approach based on social, economic, political and futuristic condition of Iranian metropolises.

Livestock farming is one of the most important activities in rural areasand most villagers, along with agriculture and horticulture, are engaged in animal husbandry (Livestock storage) and some products of the villagers in the agriculture and horticulture sector are devoted to livestock feeding, and others are consumed or sold, such as lob bits, live meat and etc. The purpose of this research is to analyze the effects of livestock economics on sustainable rural development. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and is descriptive-analytical in terms of its nature and method. Library and field studies have been used to collect data. The study area is East Gavdoul District in the Malekan County. According to the census of this region, there were 2306 households and 7468 inhabitants in 2016. According to the Cochran formula, 283 households were selected as the statistical sample of the research. This sample was randomly selected from households with livelihood economics. To analyze data on inferential statistics, one-sample t-test,  regression,  analysis and performance diagrams were used. The results of this study showed that there is a positive and meaningful relationship between livestock economy and sustainable rural development with a correlation of 0.400 and significance level of 0.30; So, for the dimensions of livestock economics,  the economic sector with the impact of 0.743 and the social sector with the impact of 0.355 have the most impact on the sustainable rural development in the region. Also, the physical section with an impact value of 0.176 has had the lowest level of impact on sustainable rural development in the region. The general results of the research show that the economic sector with 0.41% and the social sector with 0.31% have a positive effect on the development and expansion of the livestock economy of the area.

Leisure is an integral part of everyday life in todaychr('39')s world. Today, leisure is a new social arena in which various factors influence. Understanding these factors and examining their role and their impact on active (external) and inactive (external) leisure has been a major part of proper city management since this day. Therefore, in this study, using exploratory method, we sought to identify the factors affecting leisure time in district 22 of Tehran. This is a cross-sectional, applied research. The method of data collection is survey and its tool is a questionnaire. This study, using inferential statistical methods and SPSS software and statistical analysis such as correlation, regression and t-test, attempted to analyze the relationship between independent research variables (functional, security, aesthetic, transportation, economic, biological). Environment and infrastructure facilities) and the dependent variable (active and inactive leisure time), to identify the maximum impact and the least impact of the variables. The results showed that the effect and correlation of factors on leisure time (active and inactive) were different. In other words, indoor or passive leisure time is less affected by the external environment and context. But on the other hand, leisure time active or foreign in the 22nd district of Tehran is strongly influenced by background conditions and the external environment. Aesthetic variables and infrastructure facilities have the highest relationship with active leisure time and economic, performance and economic components have the least impact. In the passive leisure time, most of the impact factor is related to infrastructure and least to economic component.

Complexity of multi dimension developments and infrastructures intensifies the land related challenges to adopt legal laws, restrictions and responsibilities.  Although, multi dimension estates have been registering for many years, as the complexity of the estates are increased, disadvantages of the 2D cadaster is more appeared. Hence, the 3D cadaster has been a necessity for sustainable development. Visualizing is one of the important components of 3D cadaster. In the current research, for efficient and effective visualization of land ownerships and their related 3D information, firstly, the needed essentials of cadaster visualization systems have been classified into 3 groups including: cadaster, visualization and independent properties. Then, the trends of 3D visualization developments for older plugin and WebGL based technologies have been considered. Finally, a number of the most important systems according to the needed criteria for web-based 3D cadaster were evaluated and consequently, Cesium virtual environment has been selected as the best for the development purpose. To develop a system for 3D cadaster visualization, 2D building properties was converted to 3D using different software and then, land law properties were added and subsequently, Building Information Model (BIM) was provided. HTML5, JavaScript and CSS languages along with WebGL library and Cesium API were utilized. The implemented service is able to display WFS-based standard vector layers as well as WMS image of OGC standard. The system has the possibilities of 3D visualization like web-based 3D cadaster visualization and land law properties over the web. This enables the user to make the printed output of BIM along with descriptive information of the buildings.

Today, tourism and related jobs, with job creation, improved quality of life, income distribution and optimal utilization of resources, and thus plays an important role in rural economic development in rural development. Therefore, the main purpose of this article is to explain the components of tourism and sustainable entrepreneurship development in the rural areas of the central part of Hamadan. Research, Purpose, and Methodology The statistical population of this study was calculated according to the statistical yearbook of Hamedan province in 1395 with 524688 people (23476 households). Taken. The results show that rural tourism in the area by creating employment, increasing income levels, diversification of economic activities, social relationships spread between the host community and visitors to the protection of cultural heritage and natural environment has helped to prevent the inappropriate migration and Optimization of The earth helps sustainable rural development and, among other things, enhances government support (such as insurance, transit facilities, etc.). The tourism sector "," facilitate the setting up of tourism businesses in terms of time and cost "," reduce environmental pollution and promote environmental health in rural areas (waste management and garbage collection, sanitation, ... »greatest impact Has a range of studies on tourism development and entrepreneurship.