مجله روانشناسی و روانپزشکی شناخت
سال هفتم شماره 4 (پیاپی 31، مهر و آبان 1399)

Cardiovascular diseases is the first leading cause of mortality in the world and depression is the most common psychiatric disorder in cardiac patients. The effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in reducing depression and mood-related mortality in this population is controversial.

Hence, the present study aimed to study the effectiveness of CBT in depression and C- reactive protein (hs-CRP) in coronary patients.

The present study was experimental and the study design was pre-test, post-test, with follow-up and active control group. The statistical population comprised the patients referred to the Isfahan Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center in 2018, among whom 50 patients were randomly selected and assigned into experimental and active control groups. The experimental group received group CBT for 8 weeks and the active control group received usual medical education. The data were collected by the Beck Depression Inventory and Quantitative hs-CRP Detection Kit. Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for data analysis.

The results showed no significant difference between the experimental and control groups in depression and hs-CRP in the post-test and follow-up stages (P>0.05); therefore, CBT had no significant effect on depression and hs-CRP in coronary patients.

These findings indicate that CBT is not effective in reducing depression and negative prognosis in these patients. These findings might suggest the use of alternative therapies by cardiovascular psychologists.

Defective executive functions impair behavioral and emotional control in schizophrenia patients, and identification of its correlates can help design treatment protocols.

The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between visuospatial functions and executive functions of female patients with schizophrenia admitted to a psychiatric hospital.

In this descriptive correlational study, the statistical population consisted of female patients with schizophrenia admitted to Najaf-Abad Modarres Psychiatric Hospital from September 23, to December 21, 2019, to receive medical treatment. To conduct this study, 50 individuals were selected using the purposive sampling technique based on inclusion criteria. The subjects were subjected to mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and clock drawing test (CDT). Data were analyzed using SPSS-24 by Pearson correlation and stepwise regression methods.

Results indicated significant positive relationships between visuospatial functions in the first (r=0.414, p<0.01) and second (r=0.552, p<0.01) stages with executive functions of patients in the CDT. Among predictor variables, the visuospatial function in the second stage (beta coefficient=0.524) was a significant predictor of executive functions in schizophrenia patients (p<0.05).

It can be concluded that executive functions in patients with schizophrenia can be improved by providing cognitive rehabilitation interventions and timely and appropriate training to enhance their visuospatial function.

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) causes various psychological, emotional and academic damages in the students.

The present study was conducted with the purpose of investigating the effectiveness of positivist psychotherapy on inefficient attitudes and experiential avoidance in the students with generalized anxiety disorder.

It was a quasi-experimental study with pretest, posttest and control group design. The statistical population of the current study included female students with generalized anxiety in the city of Ahvaz in academic year 2018-2019. 30 female students with generalized anxiety disorder were selected through purposive sampling method and they were randomly accommodated into experimental and control groups (each group of 15). The experimental group received ten seventy-five-minute sessions of positivist psychotherapy intervention (Rashid, 2015). The applied questionnaires included inefficient attitudes questionnaire (Wiseman and Beck, 1978), experiential avoidance questionnaire (Bond, et.al, 2011) and generalized anxiety disorder questionnaire (Spitzer et.al, 2006). The data were analyzed through MANCOVA method.

The results showed that positivist psychotherapy has significant effect on ineffective attitudes and experiential avoidance in female students with generalized anxiety disorder (P<0.001) in a way that it succeeded in reducing inefficient attitudes and experiential avoidance in the female students with generalized anxiety disorder up to 78% and 59% respectively.

Findings of the present study revealed that the positivist psychotherapy can be applied as an efficient therapy to decrease inefficient attitudes and experiential avoidance in the students with generalized anxiety disorder through employing techniques such as knowing personal abilities and concentrating on positive emotions.

Children with autism spectrum disorder have many problems with social skills.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of behavioral therapy tactics training in improving and increasing social communication and social interaction in autism students.

This study was performed by a semi-experimental method of pre-test and post-test with a control group. The statistical population included all students with autism with 7 to 12 years of age who referred to the Tolo Center for Disorders in Ghaeat in 2018. Out of them, 16 autism students were selected by available sampling method. Subjects underwent 9 sessions of behavioral therapy tactics based on the ABA protocol (for 2 months). The research tool was Gilliam Autism Scale (Garz-3) (2014), which was completed before and after the intervention by the parents of the students. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22 and inferential statistics, correlation coefficient and t-test.

The results showed that behavioral therapy techniques led to improvement and increased social interaction and social interaction in autism students (P<0.05).

Therefore, it can be concluded that behavioral therapy techniques can be an effective way to improve the capacity and improve students in the self. This in itself confirms that these students should not be left alone without a well-codified curriculum that fits the needs of each child.

Having a mentally retarded child in the family has negative and irreversible effects on parents, especially mothers.

The aim of this study was the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy in a group on tolerating distress and anger control skill of mothers with mentally retarded children in Khorramabad.

The research method is quasi-experimental and is a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this study included mothers with mentally retarded students in Khorramabad in the years 2019 to 2020. By available sampling method, 40 people were randomly assigned to two experimental groups (20) and control (20). The experimental group underwent dialectical behavior therapy training in 8 sessions (one or two sessions per week) of 75 minutes. In order to collect research data, Simmons and Gaher tolerance distress questionnaire and standard anger management skill questionnaire were used. The collected data were analyzed with SPSS software version 21.

The results of the analysis of research hypotheses showed that dialectical behavior therapy training is effective on tolerance stress and improving motherschr('39') anger management skill  (P<0.05). In other words, the training program has increased anxiety tolerance and improved anger management skill in subjects.

According to the findings of this study, dialectical behavior therapy is one of the effective trainings to increase tolerance of distress and improve anger control skill in mothers with mentally retarded children.

Currently, the corona virus has spread all over the world and has left various psychological effects on people in the community. In the meantime, some people are more caring about their behaviors, which can be for a variety of reasons.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between personality traits (conscientiousness and extraversion) and gender differences with self-care behaviors in the community of Kermanshah.

In this descriptive-correlational study, 304 adults in Kermanshah in 2020 were selected by convenience sampling method. Participants responded online (WhatsApp) to the Extraversion and Conscientiousness subscales of the short form of the 60-item Neo Questionnaire and the Self-Care Behavior Questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using SPSS-25 and linear regression analysis.

The results showed that in the first model, among the studied variables, gender was the best predictor of self-care. Gender 0.09 explained the changes in self-care variable (P<0.001 and F=17.30). In the second step, the variables of gender and conscientiousness were included in the study. These two variables together predicted 0.14 of the variances of the self-care variable (P<0.001 and F=13.98).

These results showed that individuals with conscientious characteristics, as well as women, were more likely to follow corona-related self-care behaviors. These results will have practical implications for the development of interventions for current and future crises.

Resilience is a dynamic process that helps people cope with lifechr('39')s stressful issues effectively.

The objective of present study was to test the theoretical model of relationship between the big five personality traits and resilience, considering self-esteem as a mediator variable.

The research method was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population included all men and women aged 18 and over in District 6 of Tehran in 2018. The research sample consisted of 252 citizens aged 18 to 64 years who were selected by the convenient sampling method. Of these, 154 were male and 98 were female. The instruments were Connor-Davidson Resilience Inventory (2003), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (1965) and NEO-FFI (1985). The research data were analyzed by the Pearson correlation and path analysis methods.

The results of path analysis method indicated that self-esteem only mediates the relationship between neuroticism, extraversion and agreeableness with resilience. To be more precise, agreeableness had only an indirect effect (P<0.001), conscientiousness had only a direct effect (P<0.05), neuroticism and extraversion had both direct and indirect effects (P<0.001), and openness to experience had no significant effect on resilience (P>0.15).

According to the results, paying attention to variables such as neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness and self-esteem which affect resilience, as well as self-esteem as a mediator of the relationship between neuroticism, extroversion and agreeableness with resilience, can lead to a better understanding of the relationship between these variables.

Today internet addiction is considered as a kind of psychological disorder which can cause serious problem for students as a high-risk group.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between social skills and emotional intelligence with internet addiction of students at Piame-Noor University of Alborz Province (Iran).

The method was descriptive-correlational. The population of this study included all students of Piame-Noor University of Alborz in 2019 and based on this, 350 students were selected by random cluster sampling. Participants completed Young Internet Addiction Questionnaire (1996), Rigo and Canary Social Skills Questionnaire (2003), and Gelman Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (2001). Descriptive statistics and multivariate regression analysis were used using SPSS-22 software.

The Findings displayed that there was a significant negative relationship between internet addiction and social skills and emotional intelligence (P<0.05). It means that, as studentschr('39') social skills and emotional intelligence increased, their internet addiction decreased, and it can be true in the opposite way. Moreover, the results of regression analysis indicated that social skills and emotional intelligence were able to significantly predict internet addiction and, 9.3% of the variance in internet addiction was explained by social skills & 4.2% of the variance in internet addiction was explained by emotional intelligence.

It can be concluded that as the level of social skills and emotional intelligence in university students increases, the possibility of internet addiction decreases.

The occurrence of significant changes in adolescence can affect empathy, acceptance and competence in adolescents. Therefore, psychoanalytic interventions are necessary for adolescent emotional and social adjustment.

The purpose of this study was to determine effectiveness of Lacanian analysis group therapy on empathy, social acceptance and social competence.

This study was a research design was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest and control group with two-month follow-up. The population of this study included all the female students’ high school of Tehran city in year 2018-2019. In this study, 30 female students were considered as the sample size in two experimental groups (15 students) and control (15 students). The experimental group underwent 6 sessions Lacanian analysis group therapy 90 minutes and but control group received no intervention and remained in the waiting list. To collect data empathy scale Jolliffe and Farrington, social desirability scale of Marlowe‐ Crowne and social competence scale of Felner, Lease Phillips. Data analysis was performed using of covariance with SPSS 24.

The findings showed that Lacanian analysis group therapy had a significant effect on emotional empathy (F=6.29), cognitive empathy (F=4.41), acceptance (F=5.36), cognitive competence (F=18.47), behavioral (F=20.99), emotional (F=4.34), motivational (F=17.54) in post-test and after a two month follows up (P<0.05).

Results highlight the importance of Lacanian analysis group therapy for empathy, social acceptance and social competence in adolescent girls and providing new perspectives in clinical interventions. So pay attention to the effectiveness of analysis group therapy in counseling and psychotherapy of teen girls has a special significance.

Slow learners have cognitive impairments in attention and memory that effect on learning and problem solving.

The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation based on executive functions on cognitive functions in slow learners.

This study was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. In this study, the statistical population of all students of late elementary schools who were studying in 2019, among them 30 people were selected from the available schools of Kashan city. The experimental group received 12 sessions of cognitive rehabilitation intervention for 1 hour per week for 3 months. Both groups were evaluated before and after the intervention with working memory test and behavioral rating inventory of executive function (BRIEF). Analysis of Multivariate variance was used for analysis.

The results showed that training package of cognitive rehabilitation could be effective in improving cognitive functions of slow learner student. This improvement in cognitive performance of slow learners student was observed in the components (Initiation, working memory, strategic planning, organizing and monitoring). (P<0.001).

We can conclude that cognitive rehabilitation based on executive functions improves cognitive function in slow learner based on their performance in cognitive test and the rating of their patents.

It is believed that the moral development of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is defective. These children are deficient in moral judgment, making it difficult for them to interact with others.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of psychodrama techniques in improving the moral development of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

The research method is a quasi-experimental study. The statistical population of this study consist of all children aged 7 to12 years with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder who have been referred to Shiraz medical clinics in 2019 for treatment. Thirty children from the aforementioned population whose ADHD diagnosis were confirmed by a psychiatrist were selected as subjects and were randomly assigned to control and experimental groups. Then the subjects were asked to complete the Sinha & Verma’s moral judgment test and their scores were considered as pre-test scores. Then the experimental group received an intervention of "psychodrama techniques" for 1.5 hours per week for a duration of 8 weeks; while the control group did not receive any intervention. At the end of the intervention, both groups were asked to complete a post-test and were followed up 2 months after the intervention. The data are analyzed using one-way analysis of covariance in SPSS-22 software.

The findings demonstrate that psychodrama techniques were effective on improving the moral development of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (P<0.005).

According to the findings, psychodrama techniques can be used as an effective intervention to improve the moral development of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Parent Management Training (PMT) is a general class of interventions which targets problem behaviors in children, and plays an important role in reduction or prevention of these kinds of behaviors in them.

The purpose of this article is to review the PMT programs for problem behaviors in preschool children and gathering the characteristics of programs.

In this article, in order to find related papers, a systematic search strategy has been used. Different date-bases have been utilized: PsycNet, Sciencedirect, Medline, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science for foreign papers and ISC, SID and Irandoc for Iranian ones.

After removing the repetitive articles, the title of the PMT programs were discovered, amongst available articles, consist of 54 foreign and three Iranian programs. For each of these programs, a lot of data was collected, such as program title, researcher’s name(s), target groups, publishing year of the program.

There are numerous PMT programs that are designed to reduce the problem behaviors of preschool children, but these programs are often designed for children who do not suffer from any disorders or other inappropriate situations, except behavioral problems. In order to use PMT programs for special groups of children, characteristics of each group must be considered important in establishment of these programs.