فصلنامه برنامه ریزی توسعه کالبدی
پیاپی 18 (تابستان 1399)

Transfer of development rights (TDR), as a market-oriented mechanism, which arises after the inefficiency of urban development plans in the protection of valuable lands, seeks to balance the growth and development of the city by balancing public and private interests. In Iran, the TDR approach has been introduced in recent decades; however, due to the lack of the necessary institutional bases, it has not been able to go beyond the theoretical field and enter the field of action. Similar to most parts of Iran, the inefficiency of urban development plans in conservation has led to the destruction of valuable orchards and agricultural lands in district 9 located in the western part of Isfahan, therefore an efficient mechanism such as TDR is necessary. The main questions of the present study are: what are the leading institutional barriers to the success of this mechanism? And how can the necessary institutional capacity are provided to realize the TDR approach by emphasizing the experience of district 9 of Isfahan? The present study, using documentary study methods (such as research mixing) and survey methods (such as semi-structured and structured interviews), first theoretically identifies institutional preconditions. It then identifies the perspectives of the four institutions involved (including people, owners, developers, and urban experts) in implementing TDR policy in district 9 in the form of an extracted conceptual framework. Finally, the results of this study are analyzed by analyzing the root factors using statistical methods such as Friedman and t tests and multivariate regression. As a result of the research, the implementation of this approach due to the existence of many institutional barriers such as low awareness, unwillingness to participate and lack of legal framework requires long-term and conscious plans to achieve success.

Green economy is one of the new topics in scientific societies in recent decades; its goal is human welfare and social justice by creating confidence in environmental protection along with economic growth. But achieving such a stage of sustainability depends on fully recognizing the ecological potential of each land as a platform for economic growth and development. Each region has a certain level of power and talent that must be evaluated before investing. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the ecological potential of the land in order to achieve a green economy in the province of West Azarbaijan. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of methodology. First, a list of destructive factors and their severity in West Azarbaijan province was compiled by qualitative method and through interviews with 10 experts, and then the vulnerability of the province was calculated with the "Makhdoom" destruction model. After determining the three characteristics of the destruction model, the destruction coefficient in each of the land units was examined and analyzed. In total, the destruction coefficient for the province was estimated to be 36.92, which is in the sensitive range and requires protection measures. Then the ecological potential of the province in three areas of residential, tourism and industrial development has been studied. Using information layers and GIS software environment, effective factors in ecological potential assessment were determined, weighted, evaluated and the resulting layers were drawn, and finally an ecological capacity map was prepared for the three mentioned uses. A brief look at the research results indicates the difference in the ecological potential of the counties of the province and also the difference in the three components in each city. According to the results, in the field of ecological potential of residential development; Poldasht, Mako, Bukan counties have the most potential and Sardasht, Chaldoran and Takab counties have the least capacity. In the field of tourism, Poldasht, Sardasht and Shahindej counties have the most, and Salmas, Piranshahr and Oshnoyeh counties have the least potential. In terms of industry development capacity, Shut, Bukan and Miandoab counties have the highest capacity and Sardasht, Oshnoyeh and Chaldoran counties have the lowest capacity.

The increasing growth and expansion of cities under the influence of population growth and migration, has led to unplanned construction and many changes in the spatial structure, especially the physical development of cities in unfavorable places that require basic guidance and organization. In the present descriptive-analytical research, using Fuzzy ANP method, the development and growth of Yazd city has been evaluated. Using weighted overlap method in GIS the analysis of the development pattern and guiding urban growth has been done. To analyze the effective factors in the development model of urban area, first 7 main criteria (including environmental, economic, demographic, land and housing market, spatial-physical, government plans and policies, and access to public services) with 32 sub-criteria were determined for Yazd urban area by examining the internal and external sources. Then questionnaires were completed by 20 officials of relevant organizations. Using the Fuzzy ANP model, the coefficient of importance of each indicator was obtained and the most important factor in the development pattern of urban areas was determined. The results show that spatial-physical criteria with 0.170, and population with 0.158 have the highest and economic criteria with 0.052 and government plans and policies with 0.035 have the least impact on the growth and development of Yazd. Because region one in the north of Yazd city has less worn-out texture and region 3 in the south lacks fertile agricultural lands, these regions can be suggested for the future expansion of the city.

Nowadays, disaster management theories seek to create resilient societies against natural hazards. Attention to the futuristic approach and its role and position in promoting resilience is very important. The present study has used the futuristic approach to identify the status of the resilience system of Mashhad metropolis. For this purpose, descriptive-analytical studies, documentation and questionnaires and software analysis were used. Based on the studies, 31 primary variables affecting resilience in social, economic, structural-physical and environmental dimensions were selected. Finally, based on the opinions of 30 experts, six key variables of marginalization, migration, population density and urbanization percentage from the social index group and the variables of income level and housing price from the economic index group were identified in the matrix of cross-effects of Mic Mac software. Then, after defining the favorable, median and catastrophic situations for each of the key variables and evaluating each of these situations on each other by experts, the scenario patterns of Mashhad metropolis were analyzed using the Scenario Wizard software. The results have led to the presentation and proposal of a favorable scenario and a catastrophic scenario for the future of the metropolis of Mashhad. In case of creating and providing social, economic, structural-physical and environmental infrastructures and strategic and futuristic planning in the field of financing at different levels of urban planning, a favorable scenario for the future of Mashhad metropolis will be followed. Otherwise, in the long run, with the destruction and lack of necessary infrastructure, the realization of the disaster scenario and the destruction of the elements of resilience in the metropolis of Mashhad will accelerate.

In 2018, about fifty-five percent of the world's population lived in urban areas and is projected to increase to sixty-eight percent by 2050. The increasing population of cities emphasizes the optimal use of urban neighborhoods for housing. Urban morphology is one of the topics related to the population of neighborhoods. The purpose of this study is to identify morphological indices in the middle scale and explain the relationship between morphology of residential areas and the population living in them. First, based on the internal-cognitive approach, the opinions of thinkers in the field of morphology were examined and the criteria of "land use diversity", "road network pattern", "compaction" and "public transportation network pattern" were identified in 9 indicators on a local scale. Then, the indicators were measured by space layout and network analysis by Depthmap10 and GIS software in 12 neighborhoods of Tehran. In the next step, first the normality of the data was checked by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test method and the correlation of morphological variables with the population index of the neighborhoods was evaluated by Pearson two-way correlation method and SPSS16 software. The results show that the interconnection index with an intensity of 0.724 has the highest correlation and access to public transportation with an intensity of 0.578 has the lowest correlation with the population index. Examining the severity of correlations provides an opportunity for better prioritization to intervene in the existing fabric of neighborhoods with the aim of resettling the population. The results can be used in the field of evaluation criteria for residential design options, selection of road network and quantitative and qualitative assessment of preparation plans in order to accommodate more population and setting the criteria for detailed plans.

In the present study, to analyze the earthquake risk of Isfahan, seismic studies and seismic hazard studies have been performed. In seismic studies of tectonics and seismic hazards of each region, it is necessary to study the active faults of that region with a radius of about 300 km, so in this study, active faults in Isfahan province were also studied. According to the obtained results, the north-south stress trend of Isfahan province due to the activity of straight-slip faults and the northwest-southeast stress trend indicate the reactivation of the rocky faults. The southern parts of the province, including Kolah Ghazi and Pirbakran faults, and part of Khansar fault, as well as the area of Najafabad fault in the northwest and part of Baharestan and Dehaq faults show the most activity in the region. The southern, southeastern and southwestern parts of Isfahan province have moderate activity compared to other parts of the province. According to this research, the city of Isfahan and especially its northern regions are in low risk and low activity in terms of earthquake risk. However, due to the density of identified faults, the southern parts of Isfahan are in the range of moderate seismic risk. Therefore, according to the seismic characteristics of the region and the seismic potential of active faults, necessary measures should be taken to strengthen buildings and structures in urban policies and programs.

Natural crises that can occur following a natural disaster can lead to casualties and severe financial and environmental damage. Therefore, utilizing knowledge, reason and planning, and especially by relying on the knowledge of crisis management, can minimize potential damage. To use the knowledge of crisis management, the role of education is very important to identify environmental issues and to find appropriate solutions to them. The role of education is very effective in covering these issues in order to achieve sustainable progress and increase the capacity of individuals. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effectiveness of education in how to deal with environmental crises, which is applied in terms of purpose and quasi-experimental with a survey approach in terms of method. The statistical population is the experts of Tehran Municipality Crisis Management Organization. Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Shapiro-Wilk and t-tests were used to obtain the research findings. The results show that education in all stages of crisis management has a significant relationship with prevention, preparedness, coping and reconstruction in promoting knowledge and skills training. Therefore, the findings indicate that the use of the most appropriate training method to change the behavior of human resources in improving their knowledge, awareness and skills about the dangers and potential causes of environmental damage is a key factor in dealing with environmental crises.

The layout of the physical space of the city has a great impact on the living locations of citizens. Some factors such as the deep gap between traditional and modern contexts, forgetting and marginalizing a part of the city in the process of development, unplanned development, and the migration crisis have caused the current physical quality to not meet the needs of residents and provide the ground for the occurrence of many crimes in the city. The city of Urmia is an example in this regard. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting the occurrence of conflict crime in Urmia. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of research method. Data collection has been done in three ways: research, documentary and fieldwork. Geographic Information System (GIS), SPSS and Expert Choice software were used to analyze the collected data. The results indicate that from the perspective of the components of the environmental-physical analysis model of crime (including the principle of strengthening natural surveillance with 4 measures, the principle of access control with 3 measures, the principle of strengthening natural territories with 5 measures, the principle of environmental protection with one measure and the principle of supporting healthy social activities with two measures), the city of Urmia has many potential points for crime. In general, according to the criteria of the environmental physical analysis approach, most of these potential points for crime are located on the outskirts of Urmia.