نشریه معرفت اقتصاد اسلامی
سال یازدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 22، بهار و تابستان 1399)

The alarm has sounded for the decline of some Western countries' economies because of the deepening budget deficit in particular, and their political dominance in general. In fact, this is what has been repeatedly suggested by the Supreme Leader as a sign of the decline of Western civilization. This study seeks to show the theoretical foundations of this citation from the perspective of economics and political philosophy. we have discussed Rawls' theory of justice as the most justified and tantamount philosophical foundation for liberal-democratic societies to do this. The Rawls's theory of justice can be considered without exaggeration to revival discussion of political philosophy in the twentieth century; a theory whose most important achievement is the design of a fundamental structure for society. This study first examines Rawls' theory of justice and draws the most justified face of liberal democracy in the form of a just fundamental structure with a library and descriptive method and with an analytical approach. The findings of the study indicate that the phenomenon of budget deficit is a factor that will eventually break the dominance of the liberal democratic system and eventually destroy these societies through the mechanism of capital reduction and hyperinflation.

One of the most ongoing issues for thinkers is discussion of the essence of money and extensive literature has been formed in this field because of the complexity of monetary systems. This study examines the selected theories of classical economists and Muslim thinkers who have researched in this field seeks to investigate the cause of the value for money and its relationship to monetary interest for using a comparative-reasoning method. It is not possible to cash yield for money according to the concepts of cash and non-cash yields to assets. Positive or negative non-cash returns are also generated if the nominal and real value of money, which the issuer is obliged to maintain, are not equal and become a real commodity. Also, first non-cash yields are not certain and continuous because of the essence of money, second, it belongs to who has money. a person has money is borrower based on debt agreement, no legal-economic justification for interest can be considered because of the yield to cash and Interest in its monetary system disrupts the criterion of counting values and deviates the function of money from the philosophy of its origin.

The utility maximization is typically introduced as the consumer purpose in a conventional economics; desirability to be used in any sense is based on worldly pleasure, especially material. The extensive utility maximization has been considered as the goal of the consumer including the sum of material and spiritual pleasures in this world and the hereafter according to the Islamic economics with the development of the concept and scope of pleasure. This study examines the purpose of the consumer in Islamic economics and its requirements for using analytical method. The purpose of the consumer in Islamic economics is to maximize the desirability of the hereafter, along with a reasonable level of worldly desirability according to the hypothesis of the study. According to the research findings, accepting extensive utility maximization as a consumer purpose of Islamic economics requires adjusting the enjoyment of material pleasures and moving beyond instrumental rationality. The maximization of mundane utility function, with ignoring the hereafter utility function not only does not maximize the extensive utility ; It also minimizes it; because the condition of the study of the deep pleasures, intense and eternal pleasures to the Hereafter, as well as the worldly spiritual pleasures is adjustment which means ignoring some instantaneous and fleeting material worldly pleasures. Moreover, instrumental rationality cannot be the basis for maximizing utility. Therefore, the extensive utility maximization requires modifying material pleasures.

The main purpose of this study is to answer the question on the approach of classical and behavioral finance, as two competing paradigms within financial economics, in the face of the problem of truth? These two paradigms have been reduced to epistemic justification for neglecting what knowledge is according to the results of this epistemological research. This negligence has made the issue of truth in the knowledge of financial economics unsolvable. Classical finance has provided an inaccurate explanation of "economic man" as the subject of the science of financial economics, and for this reason, by neglecting the nature of knowledge, it has used the introverted approach of coherence in justifying knowledge, which leads to relativity in truth. Behavioral financial economics has also questioned the classical coherent collections of financial beliefs, but in this paradigm, truth is a function of observation and experience due to the extroverted approach of positivism, in justification. It is necessary to replace the current philosophical framework of a holistic introspective philosophical framework for solving the problem of truth, which in the first step provides a correct explanation of man and the essence of his economic action, and to prove basic beliefs about the nature of the economic man and with a fundamentalist approach to justification, arrive at honest statements about the structure of investor behavior.

Forming capital or investment is important to maintain economic growth. Recognizing the factors affecting the investment helps its growth for this reason. Islam has also paid a lot of attention to this issue and with regard to this issue, economists with a focus on Islamic economics have been looking for the extent and how Islamic economics issues affect the amount of investment, especially in Islamic countries. This issue can be studied in Iran as an Islamic country. This study examines the investment function of Iran's private sector with the approach of Islamic economics during the period 1336-1396 for using unbound error correction model. The findings of the study show that with a one percent increase in non-oil GDP, private sector investment expenditures increase by 0.96% and with a one percent increase in the ratio of Qard-al Hassan saving accounts to all long run investment accounts , private sector investment expenditures increase by 0.45. With increase in the ratio of Qard-al Hassan accounts to long run investment accounts, the power of banks for finance will increase, as a result, investment will increase.

A better understanding of the demand for money in economics with an Islamic approach can influence macroeconomic analysis and contribute to the richness of Islamic economics literature. The present study examines and critiques the demand for money at the macro level (with micro-bases) in economics based on an Islamic approach and presents a model based on the interfering generation approach model by using a mathematical model. The demand for money is extracted for a hypothetical (ideal) Islamic society in which money is offered only by the government (central bank) and only once in the proposed model of the article. Factors influencing the demand for money in the theoretical study were according to the findings of study: Income, religious beliefs, inflation, consumption. In the proposed model, each of them was proved: income is the wage in the proposed model which the demand for money has a positive and direct relationship. Religious beliefs were included in the utility function. Inflation is directly related to the demand for money that was also expressed in the form of price ratios in the model. Consumption in the proposed model also has a positive effect on money demand.

In the past decades, the institution of Qard Al-Hassan has moved away from its aims in the banking system of Islamic Republic of Iran. Lack of meeting the goals of depositors, allocation with rent, and incorrect determination of allocation priorities are among the problems that have reduced people's desire for Qard Al-Hassan and have replaced the spirit of sacrifice with the spirit of profit. The away this institution from the depositors' goals, despite the protection of the law of the goals, was due to an incorrect interpretation of the law. This study proposes the hypothesis of low efficiency in allocation and reverses usury by using the analytical method in response to the question of the functional deviation of the Qard Al-Hassan loans in the banking system of the country. The findings of the study show that the functional deviation of the Qard Al-Hassan loans in the banking system of the country indicates a deviation in the moral and economic structure of society. The Qard Al-Hassan deposits can be appointed to power of attorney contract based on economic priorities and determine zero real interest rate to prevent problems.

One of the types of Qarq Al-Hassan models that are implemented in the country's banking system and abroad is the concession deposit. This type of Qard Al-Hassan deposit has other names such as rotating deposit, cascading deposits, cooperative deposit that is a new generation (second generation) it. This study seeks to find the answer to the question whether the various operational models of this deposit (loan-based and advocacy-based models) are consistent with Imami jurisprudence, Sharia principles and economic rules? This study seeks to find the answer to the question of whether the various operational models of this deposit (loan-based and advocacy-based models) are consistent with Imami jurisprudence, Sharia principles, and economic rules? Using a descriptive method and jurisprudential-economic analysis, the paper tries to use the views of the professors of transactional jurisprudence, through the referendum of the supreme imitation authorities, to increase the degree of jurisprudential perfection of the present study. The results show that the type of banking system performance in the concessional deposit has problems such as usury in the loan model, lack of fairness in allocating Qard Al-Hassan resources, lack of acceptance of the advocacy model by banks, weakening of the first type of Qard Al-Hassan loan, misunderstanding customers and increasing the likelihood of Panzi's occurrence. The effects of this deposit on banks, the banking system, and the macroeconomic environment have been studied in separate topics. Finally, it seems better for the banking system not to use the concession deposit method to attract and allocate goodly loan resources.

One of the most important issues facing Islamic economics is the fairness of the pricing system. Is the market pricing mechanism fair? This study examines the criteria and examples of fair price from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence based on the view of Allameh Hilli by using descriptive method and jurisprudential-economic analysis. This study attempts to conclude the important issue of pricing and the limits and scope of the Islamic State's intervention in the market of insights for reference to the heritage of the Shiite school, focusing on the views of Allama Hali. There is a question whether the market price is a fair price? The findings of study show that the current market price is not always considered fair based on Allameh Hilli's point of view. He also cites non-market examples of fair pricing, which include legal prices set by legal authorities (guilds and accountants, as well as a fair and informed estimator). The ruler of Sharia can set a special price in case of misuse of the owner of the goods in determining the price based on some jurists’ points of view including Allama Hali.

The relationship between social development and resistance economics is a two-way side. It is assumed that social development is the path to a resilient economy in a simplification to better examine this relationship. This study seeks the algorithm, model and method of examining the paths of this effect. Therefore, after reviewing the theoretical literature of the research, the components of the model have been addressed, which by aggregating them, the study model was obtained. The research findings indicate that the obtained model has four input variables such as one output variable, and three hidden layers. There are ten groups in the first hidden layer, six groups in the second hidden layer, and two groups in the third hidden layer. The model is obtained with six inputs. The study method was identified as the artificial neural network method, which has both the ability to simultaneously examine multiple inputs and the ability to predict other possibilities that need to be addressed in other research.

Organizations and companies, as one of the most important tools and requirements for the development and progress of communities, are required to report the results of their activities. For this reason, using an appropriate reporting framework will play an important role in identifying strengths and weaknesses, decision-making and planning to achieve sustainable development goals. The use of conventional sustainability reporting frameworks and the achievement of sustainable development goals by Islamic countries, due to cultural differences and the level of development of these societies compared to Western societies, faces obstacles and problems. The purpose of this study is to explain the dimensions and key components of corporate sustainability reporting after reviewing the superior frameworks of sustainability reporting appropriate to the cultural and environmental conditions of Islamic society. The data collected through qualitative content analysis of Islamic texts by inductive method has been exposed to expert judgment by a questionnaire. After evaluating 110 collected questionnaires and analyzing factor load coefficients and structural equations, using SPSS and Smart PLS software, the corporate sustainability reporting model with Islamic approach was extracted, in seven dimensions in order of priority including: management and leadership, progress and excellence, work and production, human, social, economic and environmental capital, and 36 components.

Social security and how to meet the needs of the needy in society are among the leading issues of economic schools. Today's popular views of social security, which are largely derived from the school of capitalist economics, have serious weaknesses despite their positive effects. Social security in the school of Islamic economics does not face these problems due to the enjoyment of features such as people-centeredness. This study examines the position of people in the social security model in the Islamic approach by using the analytical-descriptive method. The findings of study show that Islam pursues social security at three levels: "individual, family and regional empowerment", "social Takaful" and "government support". The role of the people takes precedence over the government. Accordingly, centralized government solutions are not recommended when people are able to alleviate poverty. The Islamic approach to social security leads us to strengthen the position of the people and social welfare in the six layers of family, tribe, neighbors, friends, the Islamic Ummah and the Islamic government. If each of these factors does not meet the needs of the poor, in the end, the government takes the final role.