مجله هنر و تمدن شرق
پیاپی 29 (پاییز 1399)

The future of culture is an essential and challenging issue such that the fate of culture in the future is closely tied to human destiny, which emphasizes the importance of the human future. Humans struggle with itself, evil, and getting away from human origin could destroy his culture and future. In this paper, the culture refers to the nature of culture instead of a material experience interpreted as civilization. Lexical correspondence of Persian literature with other languages demonstrates that the term Kulture synonymous with the culture in the Persian literature may not embrace the issue of culture future and perspective. This lexical difference could reveal different worldviews of multiple cultures such as Shiite- Iranian and Christian-European culture not only determining human fate in another tomorrow, but also influencing the future of their own culture. The relation of culture and civilization is the same as the relation of the interior and the appearance which are united in detail. But historical surroundings and aristocracy are more understood by culture than civilization. At the same time, one can regard culture and afresh as two distinct or longitudinal attributes specific to the human being, which distinguishes him as a divine being from other beings. In this case, culture in its general sense - which is synonymous with culture, and in Arabic they are called "crocodile" - is at a lower level in the culture of the human sense of being.

The historical monuents and remained travelouges proves the long history of Gorgan city. The urban core of the current city is formed around the three neighborhoods of ‘Maydan’, ‘Nalbandan’ and ‘Sarcheshmeh’, t gradually new areas have been created around them. The lined-street during the reign of Rezakhan, separated the historical context of the city in two parts and the urban physical growth around the new streets started to begin. The central area, which has  always had a key role in citizens’ social actions and  corresponded their needs, has been affected by these changes over time.Relying on the field observations and library studies, this study  assumes that the current city center of Gorgan, that in someway represents an urban landscape, is changing in the mind of citizens and the urban identity.  A landscape is an ‘objective-subjective’ phenomenon, a general whole, that is composed of body and soul or physical body and meaning.As a result, to find the concept of ‘city center’ as a landscape, it is required to pay attention to its objective-subjective implications. To find the form and extent of this change, relying on available sources and field semiotics, we identified some effective elements in  turninga place into a center, including the urban tangible (objective) and intangible (mental/subjective) elements. By performing field study, the result showed that the collected data were in line with the effective elements of centrality.

The city of Kamu va Chogan is one of the major historical settlements in the central region of the Iranian Plateau preserving the rural characteristics of its earlier days. One of the most prominent cultural features of the city is its agriculture as the majority of the population depends on it for their economic needs. The identificatory function of the agricultural economy which impacts different layers of the inhabitants’ social and individual lives, has created a unique picture of cultural relationships that can be examined as agricultural landscape. Understanding the agricultural landscape of Kamu va Chogan is significant with regards to how it can help us make better-informed and accurately-envisioned decisions to preserve and sustainably develop this landscape in the future. Moreover, to understand this landscape, it is necessary to discern its identificatory elements or the elements that have emerged through the interactions of its inhabitants with the natural environment. Therefore, this study seeks the quiddity of the agricultural landscape of Kamu va Chogan using the case study model and analysis of content to evaluate available data. To accomplish this, the various elements of the agricultural landscape were explained following an examination of these elements found in the landscape of Kamu va Chogan. Furthermore, they were categorised into the three groups of agricultural lands, agricultural products, and agricultural society. Finally, after an in-depth explanation and examination of these elements, strategies for their preservation and development were presented.

The first step in understanding the meaning of expressions and verses in literary texts is to find out their precise connotations and compositions that are being addressed. In this research article, the implications and concepts of the word ‘Desert/Sahra’ is being reviewed in ‘Complete Works of Saadi’ that is known as ‘Koliat-e-Saadi’; In this attempt, while looking up the semantic synonyms of this word in the Persian Encyclopedia/Lexicons, the various interpretation of ‘Sahara’ in literary and lyric poems of Saadi has been reviewed. This study tries to represent a new glory of the word ‘Sahara’ (Desert) by comparing the connotations of it that have been addressed in ‘Koliat-e-Saadi’ with other expressions according to the Persian encyclopedia. In today’s Persian language conversation, the word ‘Desert/Sahara’ is often associated with a place lacking water and vegetation and points to a very long and hard route; This concept in Saadi’s time was pointing to a journey ending to the holy shrine of “Kaaba”. While at the same time, the word ‘Sahara’ (Desert) in the minds of most individuals was reminding a green and grassy promenade where everyone had a desire for spending their time over there.Here in this study, the connotations of ‘Sahara’ have been investigated in ‘Koliat-e-Saadi’ and the other associations with this word have also been considered by using the content analysis method. This article tries to deal with the conceptual and ecological differences of Iranian society, to analyze and determine the standpoint of ‘Sahara’ in Saadi`s mindset.The outcomes of this article indicate the differences available in Saadi’s poems from landscape view.

Among the flowers, rose, Suri rose, “Golab” or Mohammadi flower is more popular among Iranians and Golab has been known since ancient times, being used in religious ceremonies and for medical purposes from the past to the present. At celebrations and mourning, people still pass around Golab. The aim of this study, while studying the symbolic concepts of red rose in the culture of Iran and other ethnic groups, is to find out whether red rose and its derivatives can be seen in illustrated manuscripts and works of art of Iran, as much as what we can see in Persian poetry and literature, relying on the symbolic concepts or its applications? This qualitative and fundamental research has been done by relying on the analytical-descriptive method and its information has been collected through the library and electronic study methods. Due to the ancient antiquity of rose and its main product, Golab, in Iran and the use of different parts of this plant in cooking, medicine, and various ceremonies, the existence of Golabdaan and Golabpash leftover from past eras and despite the emphasis of numerous written sources of Persian literature on Rose, Mohammadi, and Golab, the present study found a few illustrated designs and copies on the subject of rose and Golab making and its applications. However, decorative aspects such as flower and bird paintings of the Qajar period can be found in abundance. The result of this study showed that from a symbolic point of view, the rose is a symbol in the context of the studied cultures with common characteristics such as love and beauty, divine perfection, mysticism, light, purification, infinity.

The architecture of the Orchin Dome was one of the hallmarks of the tombs in the southern and southwestern parts of Iran, Which has been less studied in scientific research. The main purpose of this study is to identify the factors influencing the formation of the dome of Imamzadeh Seyed Salahuddin Mohammad in the city of Abdanan. In this regard, the influence of historical, geometric (physical) and structural factors on the formation of the dome of this shrine has been discussed. This research has been done by descriptive-analytical research in the form of qualitative studies and its information has been collected based on library studies and field observations. According to field studies and observations, the study of the damaged dome was multi-faceted. One of the main indicators of this dome is the simplification of polygons in its corners. The dome architect seems to have used a semicircle to increase the height of the dome and to align the spiers. Other research findings show historical factors such as geographical location, historical background of Abdanan city, proximity to Elamite civilization, ziggurats and other historical tombs of Khuzestan plain (tomb of Daniel Nabi in Shush and tomb of Imamzadeh Rudband and Yaqub Laith Saffari in Dezful) as well as the physical shape of Seljuk tombs in the region, they have affected the physical shape of the study dome. Structurally, the dome of this building is mostly made of local materials and efforts have been made with the help of appropriate geometry. Prevent asymmetric and tensile forces. Therefore, numerical relationships in the proportions of their similar shapes in the floors and the proportions of the components of the dome, including the height of the floors, openings and other components of each with special relationships, create a transcendental (fractal) pattern. Also,The use of this unique geometry in the dome has prevented the absorption of sunlight into the dome. On the other hand, the height, shape and color of the dome affect the landscape and visual appearance and make the building stand out.