One of the issues that obviously plays an important role in Hazrat Fatemeh’s socialpolitical life is to support guardianship which has a great status in Islam. Hazrat Fatemeh is the first woman who applied strategies and stances to keep the realm of guardianship that always it can be a pattern for followers of guardianship. The present study examines Hazrat Fatemeh’s verbal and behavioral ways to defend the realm of guardianship. The strategies and behaviors applied by Hazrat Fatemeh for defending the realm of guardianship and caliphate of Hazrat Ali are as follows: the announcement of illegitimacy of caliph, the explanation of Hazrat Ali’s personality and the emphasis on his points for immigrants and Ansar by her lectures, the remembrance of the Prophet Mohammad’s words about the characteristics of guardianship especially the expression of Ghadir event, a strong stance against the tolerance and indulgence of elites who were often silent so that they could reach a position, the attempt to keep Muslims informed, the emphasis on taking back Fadak, the rejection of caliph’s reasons on this issue that children do not inherit caliphate from the prophets, the companionship with Imam Ali to prove their righteousness, Bayt al-Ahzan, and finally, his will to be buried at night.

Self-improvement, as the great Jihad, is one of the most important duties that everybody should do it as possible as he/she can in order to enhance his/her esteem, family’s esteem, and society’s esteem. Self-improvement can be done at physical, spiritual, intellectual, and moral levels, and those related to faith and beliefs. To reach the stage of self-improvement, he/she should be aware of his/her existential dimensions that it results in the knowledge of Allah. Undoubtedly, reaching a favorable and ideal situation is impossible without the knowledge of human, as an educational subject. From Imam Ali’s viewpoint in Nahj al-Balagha, there are some basic principles of self-improvement including self-knowledge, Tazkieh, Tahzib, selfassessment, Taghva, and doing religious orders and knowledge, and there are some ways of self-improvement such as morality; reason and thinking; worship; repentance; remembrance of death; avoidance of loving the world, worshiping lust, desires and ambitions, pride and arrogance. According to Imam Ali, self-improvement is not only an individual issue, but a social issue. It does not mean that whenever a person wants to improve or modify his/herself, he/she should avoid society and be isolated. In this article, the content of Imam Ali’s sayings about the importance of self-knowledge and self-improvement is analyzed as well as its hierarchy and outcome in Nahj al-Balagha by using a library research method.

One of the prayer texts remained from Imam Sajad is Sahifeh Sajadieh which opens clear and several perspectives toward the guidance and happiness of humans and it is a way for parents and trainers to choose a path and give an identity to trainees. Scientists in the field of educational sciences believe that while this Sahifeh includes the most accurate prayers and depicts the lovely relation between God and human in the best possible way, it is one of the most important sources for deducing the elements of educational system in Islam. This descriptive research was conducted with the aim of investigating the formation of adolescents’ identity based on Sahifeh Sajadieh and the data were collected from library documents. Sahifeh Sajadieh, Islamic sources, and psychological texts were considered as research tools. The results showed that common components between psychology and Sahifeh Sajadieh in the formation of adolescents’ identity are as follows: cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and physical factors; and the effects of parents. In addition, the improvement of the spirit of virtueseeking, the remembrance of God, the obligation to practice, the improvement of the spirit of fear and hope, and the improvement of the spirit of generosity are among the particular components of Sahifeh Sajadieh in the formation of adolescents’ identity.

The purpose of this study is the necessity for religious education of children and the presentation of practical solutions for parents so that they can properly apply the mechanisms to religiously educate children and adolescents. As a result, they can not only educate good people, but also provide a balanced and dynamic society. This study tries to emphasize the importance of educating children according to religious teachings and examine parent’s religious duties after giving birth to children; because, the institutionalization of religious teachings in children and adolescents keeps them from dangerous damages and moral and social deviations and directs them to a correct way of life. The results showed that having a close relationship with religion, religious habit, religious knowledge, religious personality, and spontaneousness are among the stages of religious education of children. Moreover, according to Quranic verses and narratives, some ways to religiously educate children are as follows: giving children good names, introducing children to God, introducing children to God’s book and the Prophet Mohammad, educating religious duties, and modeling. Regarding the nature and quality of this research, it is a qualitative research and in terms of the subject, it is a religious research. This descriptive-analytical study is a documentary research. Data collection is done on the basis of a library research method, note-taking is the research tool, and the data are analyzed by the qualitative analysis methods.

Epistemology or the theory of knowledge defines the foundations of knowledge. Epistemology deals with the general and basic concepts of knowledge and studies the truth, sources, and validity of knowledge. As one of the most important disciplines of philosophy, it studies the nature of knowledge and a kind of process by which knowledge was gained and analyzed. At different levels, education needs knowledge that is related to the how of creation of knowledge in human and its kinds and that is why the questions of epistemology and education are focused by the education schools and it is extremely important in contemporary times. Answering epistemological problems in every society and educational system comes from a worldview and a philosophy which is dominant in that society. One of these educational schools is existentialism. This study, based on the foundations of epistemology of existentialism, attempts to present its implications for education. The research scope of this descriptive-analytical study is the valid documents. After giving a definition of epistemology and its kinds, this study introduces the philosophical school of existentialism and its epistemological foundations as well as its implications for education.

Imam Musa Sadr is a great jurist, scholar, and peacemaker for the Muslim world in the second half of the twentieth century in West Asia. The result of Imam Musa Sadr’s thought on religion and faith can be found in the value and importance that he believes humans have; so that the observance of human freedom and dignity forms the basis of humans’ intellectual and practical life. Therefore, according to Imam Musa Sadr, the criterion of religion is that everybody in a society observes ethics and human virtues. Sadr’s definition of religion and faith is a humanistic definition in which the human freedom and dignity is analyzed and it is the most important criterion of religious education from Imam Musa Sadr’s viewpoint.