نشریه تفسیر و تحلیل متون زبان و ادبیات فارسی (دهخدا)
پیاپی 43 (بهار 1399)

n this research research, it has been linked and happily investigated and related to the damage in the stories of Shahnameh, and it is concluded that in the world of existence the first joy of divine religion is unique and man is the chosen and representative of the perfection of creatures, They must have Jewish characteristics, including adjudication. In the place of the development of divine justice, it is related to the soul and within, and in this view, man must create the first in himself, because all its creation is organized in a regular manner and in a manner that protects the body from harm. , Turns and brings happiness to man; otherwise, all the rules and order of the world will come together, and the rule of sorrow falls upon joy and various kinds of damage will be decomposed. ealized in a society where the lives of people are interdependent and have shared profits and losses, the only way to ensure a calm, progressive, successful and ideal life and prevent any harm to individuals is because of any degree of community justice. Less and more arrogance, the devilish and cruel, invading and harmful effects, and whatever threatens the joy and lightness of the Ahoorias, is more and less a result of the joy and destruction, and the rule of sadness Evil and harmful, wins the state of joy and human prosperity is endangered, such as Zehak society.

Fiction which is the product of modernism in turn, has taken a role in reflecting the experience of contrast between tradition and modernity. This research centerpiece is the analysis of modern concepts reflected in Kelidar. Although Kelidar is a local story happened in rural locations, but, due to its story and adventures, especially affected by that time social and political events(1946-1948), as like as the inflamed political atmosphere in Iran after the second world war, it can be said that some modernity elements like change and transformation, critical approach to issues, fundamental thoughts, philosophical and anthropological theories, in contrast between tradition and modernity are reflected. The methodology of this research is descriptive-analytical and based on library studies.

With the outbreak of the imposed war, a literary style especially war novel was attained, which has experienced a lot of ups and downs during 60-90 decades. As during these 3 decades having a positive thinking view, suspicion and in between by their authors to the phenomenon of war, considering the element of the story, especially characters’ technique and characterization has evolved through a changing trend. With an eye to the significance of the important story element and studying its changing trend, resurrection machine" in the essay, which each represent a decade, this story element has been analyzed. The authors of the novels choosing the considered characters and people as the story characters, creating the story coherence, has tangibly shown hidden points of these characters and their society they have taken advantage of 2 direct descriptive or indirect performing methods or both in speech, behavior, description, appearance and name, as well. Findings show the characters in the story in the first decade are more stereotypical and typical. Meanwhile the characters in the story, in the next 2 decades have enjoyed dynamism and comprehensiveness. The war novels in 80 decades have been more successful in characterization and have paid more attention to the elements of speech and behavior in indirect characterization.

Taqi Danesh, one of the early Qajar and late Pahlavi‘s traditional and anonymous poets, tremendously influenced by poetry of Khorasani, Azerbaijani, Iraqi, and especially Hindu style. Regarding Taghi Danesh‘s lyrics and poems and taking famous Hindu poets into consideration, two contradictory views (co-reading and contra-reading) could be grasped. In other words, once he followed traditional, repetitive, cliché and one-dimensional literary styles (poetic style of Khorasani, Azerbaijani and Iraqi) in poetic elements and phenomenon, famous fictitious, historical, mythic and Qurani characters. And another time breaking the norms and contra-readings represents dramatically contradictory views to the same subjects and issues. The object of contra-reading in Tagi-Danesh poetics is to achieve “alien concept” and avoid long literary traditions of one-dimensional, cliché and repetitive, characters, famous mythic, Qurani, historical meanings and concepts in custom and literary norms. His recent vision looks from different angel to these issues, judges them contrary to custom and leaves from canon the religious Qurani characters and elements. The present study attempts to extract contra-readings and De-canonization from Taghi-Danesh poetics and presents the findings alphabetically. The results show that Tagi-danesh following Indian poets has remarkably applied contra-readings and sharecropper.

A historical manuscript is a national-cultural heritage of a community in which valuable secrets are hidden behind the words and concepts. Semiotics and content analysis technique were developed in late 20th century to identify the meaning of the secrets interwoven with the words in such manuscripts.
The present study aims at investigating the historical text “workbook of Marefat Khameneh school” using two approaches namely speech act proposed by John Searle and semiology approach proposed by of jean-Marie klinkenberg. In this regard, a brief description is presented about five speech acts proposed by John Searle and then the concepts of “objective and value norms”, “center-oriented and centrifugal” structure of language, and “geographical, temporal and social” applications of language are explained and the three reactions including silences, hypercorrection and compensation are discussed to determine security rate in the relation between common norms and the norm of the language of interest. Afterward, the phrases written in the workbook were investigated using both approaches and it was revealed that speech act of the text is declarative, commisive, and directive; respectively and there is large gap and lack of security between the common norms and value norms embedded in the workbook

The sociology of literature is the study of literary texts from a sociological point of view that illustrates the relationship between literature and social elements. In fact, this type of analysis examines the interplay between literature and society. A different reading of literary work is a two-way process between author and reader. It is important because literary traditions seek for absolutism of meaning, a one-dimensional view that the modern man does not tolerate, and in some way disgusts the reader. But critiques based on sociology as a new analysis make the reader's mind link to different aspects of the text's aesthetics. To this end, the novel by Isma’il Fasih Del Koor, which covers various prominent periods of Iranian history, including the years of Pahlavi rule and the constitutional revolution(Enghelabe Mashrouteh), has been critiqued sociologically to illustrate the relation of literature to the environment and social classes of that era. In this study, we first outline the theories of critique of sociology of literature and categorize sociological components from Goldmann, Lukacs, Bakhtin, and Escarpit's viewpoints and then apply them to the context of the author's intended community so that we can understand the life style of people, classes Different societies, especially the weak and low-income classes, their occupations, women's social status and their deprivation, historical issues, social infrastructure, lack of health, prevalence of diseases and famines, use of traditional medicine in lieu of up-to-date treatments, social injuries , Poverty, Prostitution, Rape, Violence, Usury, Acid Spraying, Religious Beliefs, Popular Beliefs Yeah, we better understand the superstitions of that era and ... It should be noted that this research has been done by "descriptive - analytical" method.

The positioning of described in modernist stories is different from the classical stories. In this regard, the techniques, functions, and subjects are also changed. Description in traditional stories is unique to describe concepts and observable. The descriptions structure is built on the basis of actual elements, inclusivism and visual. But in modern works, the descriptions are internalized. These works are more attentive to behaviors than appearance. Modern author pays attention to the secondary and spiritual meanings of the characteristics of individuals and objects that it is the resultant of his philosophical analysis of his subjects. The basis of the descriptions is based on component, subjective and imaginary elements. In this regard, the techniques, functions, and subjects are also changed. The reflections of the works of Abootorab from the perspective of the modern techniques of descriptions such as conflict, obscurity, and reality of providing are for clearer and more accurate representation of the methodology of description. In this study, the description techniques are investigated in method (analytical - descriptive). The main question of this study is based on whether the comparative study of modern and traditional stories can be referred to as a status difference in these two categories? The results of this study show that Khosravi works have the ability to analyze new techniques of descriptive and modern techniques, known as "the modernist described".

The "jazzier sargardni" novel, centered on the character element, has a character-centered plot. In this work, only the outer events are not the stories that advance the flow of the novel, but simultaneously with external events, the expression of the views and attitudes of the religious and beliefs of the characters of the story and the subsequent actions of thoughts, extends the story plot. In this novel, there are three different attitudes towards mysticism in the modern world: the traditional and mystical attitude that seeks to revive traditional mysticism in the contemporary world for the emancipation of the contemporary generation from the wandering of modernity, the critical attitude that denies mysticism in the modern world and the uncertain view of the uncertainty in the religious beliefs of the younger generation. The author of this work, by creating personalities with mutual views and attitudes, has provided the context for the development of the mystical content of the story. The writer, while loyal to such a plot, incorporates the components and theories of postmodernity into his storytelling technique, such as: uncertainty, contradiction, flow of mind and narrative confusion, by provoking ontological questions in the audience, the concept and content of quasi-mystical in the creation novel he does. The purpose of this research is to analyze and understand the different mystical views and attitudes and explain the quasi-mystical components in this novel.

It can be find common points in many mythology and symbolism that has rots in human's common collective subconscious and narrates from proximity of people's cultural and spiritual's beliefs. Universal myth of phoenix is also among the mythology, that although has many metamorphosis, but it can be detected many common points and specially the root of the death and doom in all faces to be shown from this solar bird. This fact has been shown in this mythology that the death is a passage to a better type of life and up most way for access to renaissance. The themed that has been acceded in a ascendant to arena's mysticism, has been appearance like spiritual resurrection and secondary birth, and so, the phoenix, this legendary bird, has been found non- objective aspect and sacred face. The phoenix is a symbol of transcendental spirit that is entered into the area of the beyond death. In this article, that has done like library method and such as analytical description, it has been determined, the mythological mystical of the phoenix - the fire bird- due to the some nations' mythology.

Realism is a literary school of thought, influencing, objective and external emerging in mid-19th</sup> century in France and spreading rapidly while attracting the poets, authors and artists toward itself. In Iran also, concurrent with the movement of the constitutionalists, some transformations occurred in the elements of Iranian identity bestowing in terms of identity and the poets and authors paid attention to their national identity and the decline and retardation of their country. Farrokhi Yazdi and Aref Gazvini the revolutionary poets of this era, strongly inclined to liberation and supporting the laborers and farmers, they’ve demonstrated their attention to the status of the country. Applying content analysis method, (Descriptive- Analytical) the present study aims to analyze and outline the extent of the focus on the identity components of the revolutionary realism in the poems of the constitution Era realist two poets. For this reason, the identity components of realism their poetry has been analyzed. The present study findings indicated that Farrokhi Yazdi focused particularly on the branches and components of revolutionary realism and through benefitting from various representations of ritual (Islamic) and national perseverance literature, constitution Era realist poets encourages theire audience to fighting and opposition.