نشریه تفسیر و تحلیل متون زبان و ادبیات فارسی (دهخدا)
پیاپی 38 (زمستان 1397)

In some literary works,there are  some words, literary terms, phrases, and speeches which are different from the normal linguistic conventions and literary tropes. This has derived from the new vieo-point toward existence. A poet or author who has reached this fresh insight and is able to utter this in a new style of language and literary tecniques had, indeed, accessed a personal style. Only a few number of authors in Persian literature have been able to reach this personal style, and Roomi and Attar are,doubtlessly,among the bests and the most distinguished ones. This personal style can be investigated from three dimentions: thought, language, and literary dimension. Of the literary dimension, paradox or paradoxical imagery is a technique which highlights the meaning in a few words, and usually depicts a large amount of meaning and inexplicable mystical experiences of the poet. Having used this literary trope in their works, Roomi and Attar, as two famous poets in Islamic mysticism, have tried to express their own mystical experiences at the service of concept of "the perfect man" by means of this tecnique. The article in hand, first of all, gives a definition of paradox and the reasons of its creation, and then brings some examples of its trace out of the works of Roomi and Attar to show how and why  they have used it to express the notion of perfect man.

Using new branches of stylistics and retrieval of appropriate tools for analyzing Persian texts can open a new window to them. the present descriptive and content analysis study attempted to examine the novel of Hasti (Existence) by Farhad Hassanzadeh, which has received a lot of attention in terms of critical stylistics, in the context of narrative and textual macro-layers with the analysis of focalization, the degree of continuity of focalization (variable and multiple focalization) and focalization facets (the perceptual facet of time in order, duration, frequency, location, and the ideological facet), as well as the phonetic, lexical, syntactic, pragmatic and rhetorical sub-layers in relation to its outer layer (situational context). The findings suggested that there are some stylistic variables in the text that has led to the discovery of an ideology and the explanation of current social issues such as war, poverty, etc. On the other hand, the type of employing the sentences with respect to audience analysis has encouraged the adolescent audience to welcome the novel and has led to its national and international success. The present study introduced the critical stylistics of the adolescents’ novel as an applied practice in the field of stylistics studies in children’s literature, and provided a deeper understanding of the adolescents’ novel by analyzing the text.

The problem of the constant time of mind and heart, present and absent, has occupied man himself yesterday and today. It is a fact that is linked to human beings, and man always finds himself in the vein, as if a man is captive of time and has no way to get out of this captivity. The enjoyment of life and success are among the fundamental goals of humans. One of the most important steps in this direction is to master the time and correct management of it. In this perspective, individuals are advised to set goals, prioritize goals, to make decisions and to plan proper operations, and to keep them from looseness, rush, and any actions that threaten timely and proper work. Parvin points out in this study a reflection of the time and value of time that expresses the existential value of being, and the findings point out that in beliefs, humans progress to perfection until the principle, by passing the time offsets (wasting time) They go through. The result is that someone knows the value of time is worth living. What is retrieved and investigated in this article is the optimal method of time and damaging factors in the Parvin tribunal, which emphasizes the meaning of the poems of Parvin on the transitory life and span of momentum and living, and the importance of this issue and the necessity of its review. is showing. Research has been done by exploring written literature with a descriptive research method.

National epics which have been created based on myths and rituals represent the beliefs, cultures and ancient traditions of a nation. Rituals must be conjoined With sacred mythologic beliefs in order to maintain their social functions and be recollected. Outstanding works such as Shahnameh epic, the Mahabharata, the Iliad are the most important source of our knowledge of past rituals and traditions of Iran, India and Greece. These people having the same origin have retained their common beliefs and rituals after migration and settlement in new areas. Worship being common religious heritage of many nations, has a background along with the creation of human history and is rooted in the depths of the heart and nature of human being .The high frequency of this ritual in worshipping ceremonies of every nation represents the value and significance of it for everyone. Praise and ritual sacrifice to the gods are the most important aspects of the rituals. These ceremonies are heldwith special rituals and an individual worshiper is required to follow it. There is much in common in terms of structure and prayer rituals among these Indo-European nations among the most important of which is sacrifice, bathing, holding hands toward the sky and etc. These similarities indicate the tribes’ adherence to the traditions of the past. High frequency of prayer rituals in a nation reflects the value and importance of these rituals to the people. Time passageand religious developments cause specific rites of worship in the structure of these rituals in these nations. In this article, cultsin top epicsin terms of time, place, and construction are compared and evaluated. Then the association of these rituals with mythologic beliefs are investigated.

Archetype-based literature criticism suggested by C. G. Yung, as a major approach, serves the archetypes as persistent mythological themes and images in the collective subconscious of mankind, a very close term rather than "prevalent object" or ideal icons in Islamic mystics.The archetypes are classified in several indeterminable ways but some of them are rather more common including: hero, mother, child, God, death, power, the wise master, anima, animus, persona (mask), and shade. This research investigated the function of archetypes in Orfi poetry works based on the method of content analysis which reveals his fluent, passionate nature - but devoid of malevolence and brutality, and a tremendous literary treasure because of a literary personality tending commonly into anima or hero persona, also providing that the theory of archetypes is in further researches potentially competent to overestimate the range of honesty or even authenticity.

In this article, to understand the musical elegances of two great epic poet, Ferdowsi and Daghighi, we compare some parts of Goshtasbnameh which has been created by both of them. Our intention of music in this article is an extensive meaning namely form and construction. For a more detailed study of the subject, both of them from four direction has been investigated: 1-   External music or prosody, 2. Side music or Rhyme and row 3. Internal Music or figures of speech, rhetoric and linguistic structures 4. Contemplative music or structures of fiction and description. With statistical presentations and analysis of them, distinguished that Ferdowsi's verses in four directions had more integrity, variety, expansion and high literary value. Verses, rhyme and rows of Ferdowsi are more various, musical and artistic than Daghighis verses. In   figures of speech Daghighi has been more attentions to apparent of speech and rhetoric and Ferdowsi to depth of speech and intellectual relationships. In saying stories Daghighis verses compare to Ferdosis verses are more   strictly speaking, more direct and more ambiguous and older but Ferdowsis narrations are mor  realistic, multi-dimensional, more detailed, with more subtlety, and creating more attractive.  </strong>

“West and Westoxification “are words that intellectuals  and freethinkers  have used  in their  works following the colonization and exploitation of our country  the airm of which was to clarify  peopls mindset  about this  ominous  phenomenon  of  the 20 century .The western  cultural imperialism becomes  more threatening when  the native  poets  and  writers become  their talking voice and out of the mouth  of the friends  the speech  and demands  of the enemy be heard.      By investigating  the  works of the contemporary  poets and  writers  we find that some poets  have deliberately   changed their  stylistic and ethical methods in favor of the Westerns and some  others have pursued western  patterns  unintentionally being  influenced by the  dominant social  priorities  .    Among  them  Forough  FARROkhzad  and Simin Behbahani  are among those  in whose  works  a combination  of these two methods can be found.    In this descriptive –analytic paper  we are to evaluate some of the western teachings pervading  the poems of these two poets .

Sanayi's  pionee ring  in  different poetic  issues  such  as  inserting  mytical  concept   into persian  poet, establishing  the  bases  of  social  and  critical  poems and  creating  lyrics  is always  taken  for  granted. The  points  that  have  recieved  little  attention  are Sanayis  eulogy  poem  and  his  innovation  in  presentment   of  Political teachings  and creating a new  style  in panegyric poem  which  has  a  great  influence on  sadie  and  his panegyric,and  its  being  unknown  has  created  a  sense  of  doubt  in   poets  awaking  and  accusations  in  this  field  as well. Therefore, present  paper, using  descriptive – analytical method, besides  analyzing  different types of  sanaies  poems, it  has  introduced  these Political teachings. Finding  show  that  in  the  form  of  parody and  expression  of  tales from  the  past, Sanayi  has  been  advised  the  rulers in  eulogy poems, and  encourages them  to   performance  justive, to carefull  in  selection of employees  and  to deal with  wrongdoers. Also, he warns against shedding  the blood of innocents.