نشریه مطالعات جغرافیایی مناطق کوهستانی
پیاپی 2 (تابستان 1399)

Technological changes and enhanced human abilities in exploiting of mountainous areas, and the need for economic diversification of human settlements located in mountainous areas has led to the expansion of rural tourism (in combination with natural tourism) which can complement and encourage productive activities and provide the basis for achieving sustainable development. The present study has been conducted with the aim of investigating and analyzing the impact of the dysfunctional institutional structure on the development and consequences of tourism in the mountainous rural areas of Rezvanshahr. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The statistical population consists of mountainous tourist villages (14 villages) in Rezvanshahr district. The results showed that due to the dominance of the dysfunctional institutional structure, the expansion of tourism has led to the unbalanced development of mountainous settlements. While this activity has led to population re-attraction in mountainous villages but due to the dominance of the dysfunctional Institutional structure, it seems that the space lacks any kind of management, proper organization and it is without supervision. In other words, the dysfunctional institutional structure hinders the development of tourism via maximizing individual benefits and it led to the expansion of tourism in mountain villages for personal gain and to the detriment of the nation. While the mountains of Iran are a common natural heritage of all Iranians and this shared heritage and valuable intergenerational wealth must be obsessively managed and protected as much as possible. The effects and consequences of irrational and destructive exploitation of mountainous areas will not only be limited to the mountains but also it will expose the whole society to irreversible social, economic and political damages.

Among atmospheric disasters, heat waves are the most important atmospheric disasters and a study of the annual mortality rate due to climate hazards shows that heat waves cause the highest mortality rate compared to other climatic events. In this study, the basis of calculations to identify Iranchr('39')s heat waves is the networked data of the maximum temperatures of synoptic and climatic stations in Iran, which in the period (1981-2011) for each day determines the climatic conditions of the country on 7187 cells. After programming in Mat lab software, the days whose standard deviation coefficient was higher than 2 and lasted at least 2 days separated from the Iranian maximum temperature matrix by this program, determined as Iranian heat waves. Then the four-day waves, which were more widespread and frequent, were selected and analyzed. Representative day method was used to study the synoptic heat waves. Saudi low pressure (SLP) and Pakistan low pressure (PLP) were the most important systems for the occurrence of this heat wave. At the time of occurrence of these waves, a strong stability prevails in Iran, low pressure on the ground and high pressure in the upper atmosphere.

The inclination toward cities and urbanization is a universal phenomenon. It is predicted that most of the increase in population and urbanization will occur in cities in developing countries. Due to the increasing urban population, the development of urban spaces in the future is inevitable, so understanding this process is essential for effective management of urban environmental protection. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate smart growth indices in the spatial area of ​​Gorgan city using multi-criteria decision making models. The method used in this study is descriptive-analytical and it is an applied research. The required data were extracted from secondary data and 16 criteria were used to evaluate Gorganchr('39')s urban areas in terms of smart growth indices. Data analysis was performed using Shannon entropy (TOPSIS) and SAW (Excel) and Excel spreadsheet software (SPSS) and Arc GIS software was used to map. The results of the mean technique show that Area 2 with (0.634) average score ranks first in terms of smart growth indices and Area 1, city of Gorgan is ranked second (0.591). Overall, these two areas in the Gorgan Zone are smart according to growth indicators. Area 4 with 0.528 is third ranking, Area 3 with 0.447 is fourth ranking and Area 6 with 0.371 is fifth ranking all of which are in semi-favorable areas in Gorgan. Finally, Areas 8, 5 and 7 are ranked sixth, seventh and eighth with scores of 0.321, 0.210 and 0.171, respectively, and in terms of having smart growth indicators at a low level and they are less-favorable areas.

Today, the water crisis is increasingly worrying public opinion and it engages the scientific community due to the vital role of water in life, especially agriculture. Since most of the water consumption is in the agricultural sector, in this regard, the purpose of this article is to investigate the appropriate behavior in saving agricultural water resources. The research methods of this article were "descriptive" and "causal-relational" and the survey technique was used to collect data. The statistical population of this study consisted of farmers in Alborz province (N = 28336). The sample size was estimated to be 380 based on Krejcie and Morgan table (n = 380). In this paper, stratified random sampling method with proportional assignment was used to determine the sample size. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of agricultural extension and education experts. Also, Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient was calculated and the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed (0.87 ≥α≥ 0.65). The results of the causal analysis indicated that collectivist values, the intention to save water, the quality of agricultural services, and plce attachment, respectively, have the greatest effect on water-saving behavior by farmers. And the least effect was on individualistic values.

The distribution of crimes is not accidental at the spatial level; it is always in relation with geographical conditions and requirements. Spatial characteristics such as the level of socioeconomic development have always been considered as one of the determining factors in the amount of crime occurrence. As a developing country, the levels of socio-economic development as well as the rate of crime in Iran are different. Lorestan province is one of the territories in the country, where the inequality of the level of development and the extent of robbery in its counties is evident and very different. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between socio-economic development indicators and the rate of crime across the counties of Lorestan provinces. The research method is descriptive-analyt. Secondary data was used and then analyzed with structural equations and partial least squares (PLS-SEM) approach. The results of the research show that the variables of the research can explain 0.70 of the changes of the dependent variable. The greatest effect on the crimes is related to the economic development status variable. The dimensions of economic development are inversely related to theft, which means that as economic development increases, the amount of crime (theft) decreases. At the next level, the dimensions of socio-cultural development also have an inverse relationship with crime

Drought has always played an important and effective role in the field of food security and livelihood of the villagers because nearly two billion people live in arid and semi-arid regions of the world (about 41%). Since the behavior and strategies of farmers in the face of drought are different in regions and for each crop, so to manage the phenomenon of drought better and reduce the vulnerability of farmers, it is necessary to increase our knowledge in this area. On the other hand, in most studies on the vulnerability of farmers to drought, less attention has been paid to its social dimension. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess the social vulnerability of corn farmers in Kermanshah to drought. The statistical population of this study consisted of all corn farmers in Kermanshah (1108). The sample size of 375 people was determined based on Krejcie and Morgan table using three-stage cluster sampling method. The data collection tool in this study was a researcher-made questionnaire. The formula of May Bar and Valdes (2005) was used to assess the social vulnerability of corn farmers. According to the results, it can be said that risk perception factors, economic factors, health factors, social factors and infrastructure factors, respectively, have had the greatest impact on farmerschr('39') vulnerability. In addition, farmers have the highest vulnerability in the parameters related to risk perception and the lowest vulnerability in the parameters related to the infrastructure factor.