نشریه تفسیر و تحلیل متون زبان و ادبیات فارسی (دهخدا)
پیاپی 31 (بهار 1396)

Kašf Al-Haqāyeq is among the most prominent masterpieces of Persian mystical prose, and this study has been an attempt to consider the stylistic features of the book through a thorough analysis of its linguistic, syntactic and aesthetic differentiae in order to portray a sheer image of it. No one doubts that the exploration of every book to reveal its characteristics will lead to a better realization of the writer’s period and thoughts. Though belonging to a literary period reigned by authority of euphuism and ornate prose, Kašf Al-Haqāyeq seems to be unembellished and limpid in vocabulary and structure, and its mystical content and simple language makes it peculiar among its contemporary prose works. However, it is rich in using different literary tropes, and this study has tried to discover the writer’s eloquence and sense of decorum. While the use of a simple language is more appropriate for transferring the ideas to common readers of didactic mystical prose and Kašf Al-Haqāyeq employs such a language and vocabulary, the profound and opulent concepts presented and excessive philosophical terms used in the book dislocates it to the complicated and intricate class. Generally, the framework of the book is based on simplicity and is close to unadorned prose of Samanid era; however, understanding Nasafi’s context, due to containing some abstract and philosophical concepts, is incomprehensive and challenging.

Developing the imagery and imagism in poetry implies exploiting all capacities of language. One of the means of producing and developing imagery is to consider the contrastive nature of lexemes in culture and language.Based on the contrastive theory of language, when mind encounters a signified, the mental popularity of one is transferred to the popularity of the second. Hence the relation between words, expressions and signs in a language system and structure is revealed. In most cases a network of various images, obtained from different fields of science and skills, has been closely intertwined in Ḵāqāni's poetry. Contrastive relation is one of the main factors in this network, which strongly functions in horizontal axis of Ḵāqāni's poetry. This structural pattern in Ḵāqāni's poetry has been investigated and classified in different scopes, in order to find a way to the mind world and poetic thoughts of Ḵāqāni.

Although the idea of correspondence is the outcome of the findings of earlier philosophers, it was Juan Maldacena who first proposed in late 1997 the idea of AdS/CFT correspondence. According to this theory, if the physics of our universe is hologram (Shadow World), then there will be another set of physical laws on the boundary of our world that is corresponding with the physics describing our world. This article studies the idea of correspondence in the poems of Attar and compares and contrasts them with the ideas of the other philosophers, mystics and scientists. While analyzing the idea of correspondence in his poems this article considers how the idea of correspondence is related to Attar’s mystical teachings. Correspondence in Attar's works (his collection of poems and in The Conference of The Birds) is one of the central ideas. Before Attar correspondence had been an allegorical String Theory. But he created – for the first time in mystical poetry – a scientific-literary allegory out of the correspondence of particles and the sun and particles and universe in order to pave the way – through the correspondence of Simorgh (phoenix) and Si-morgh (30 birds) – for the correspondence of microcosm and macrocosm. His allegory was used later by physicists for corresponding microcosm with macrocosm. Attar has used the terms Simorgh and Si-morgh to express that two corresponding ideas are not necessarily the same, because they are different in their forms according to physicists and in their essences according to Attar.

Bibliomancy from Poems of Hafez as a unique social behavior in Iranian folklore has been publicized in different times and places demonstrating the need of man for knowing his uncertain future. Recourse to Hafez’s poems as a cultural source has played an important role in purification of man’s soul in both his individual and social life. In fact, trusting in Hafez is a cultural trait that has roots in centuries of materialistic and spiritual lives of Iranians and helps them to overcome their psychological and mental stresses. The functions of bibliomancy from Hafez’s poems include: invoking tranquility, improving personal and social mentality, reducing mental distress, and foretelling the future. The research here uses a descriptive-analytical method derived from Wilhelm Dilthey and Max Weber’s hermeneutics. Data collected from documents revealed that bibliomancy from Hafez’s poems as an example of cultural, and social function plays an effective role in humans’ interaction and provides them with a better mental health.

This paper is classified in the field of psychological literature, and in which the stories of fratricide in Shahnameh are studied through considering Alfred Adler’s theory of inferiority complex. Then, it tries to research the reactions of the characters of the stories to reveal what objectives direct their actions and behavior. Finally, it is concluded that the real motivation for humans' behavior is mainly their sense of superiority and immodesty which has roots in inferiority complex.

In his allegorical tale “The Advice of the Sage through the Language of the Cat and the Mouse” Shaikh Bahayi fights all types of superstitions, and this paper tries to study his tale and his attitude towards superstitions. The researcher believes Shaikh Bahayi denounces indirectly the common superstitions of the Sufis. He instructs the young people to follow their common sense and to refuse superstitions. This paper is to trace back the origin of superstitions and its different types in the ideas of Sufis, and how Shaikh Bahayi redirects the people to rationalism, the source of knowledge that had been seemingly declining in that period of time.

Since the primarily emersion of poetry Persian poets have been assisted with the help of various capacities of language and the words in order to discover new and original notions. Despite many researches conducted, there are still some noteworthy frequently-used words in Persian literature that haven't yet been the subject of any research. Espand (or Wild Rue) is one of them. The present research is to study the evolutionary and developmental areas of meaning of the word since preliminary stages of Persian poetry, i.e. the third century, up to the present. The results reveal that Khorasani and Iraqi styles of poetry didn't have acceptable diversity of introducing new notions, and they were classified in some general motifs as averting a whammy, analogy for the nevus, analogy for the pupil of eye, etc.  However, with the advent of Indian style and the rise of meticulously visionary poets, this word has been widely used in such a way that hundreds of lines could be obtained through the works composed in this style. In some way, this word occasionally has been used as substantive model. Despite emersion and exercise of this word in contemporary poetry, it doesn't vary significantly and are almost the same as in both Khorasani and Iraqi styles.

This article seeks to explain that Naser Khosro had been inspired by Zoroasterian ethical teachings in expressing his moral views – which are mostly represented in his counsels. The effect he received from Middle Persian Literature and Zoroastrianism is not just limited to ethical counsels; the penetration of such themes in his subconscious mind had influenced the linguistic and mental structures of his works. In this research, on account of  the significance of investigating the effect of language and Pahlavi's literature on early Islamic centuries poets and writers' works, and the significance of such an effect on reading and a more precise analysis of Islamic texts era, as well as considering the fact that the penetration of linguistic and mental themes of Persian Middle Literature into works of Islamic era has often been neglected by researchers, a comparative study of Naser Khosro’s counsels and Zoroasterian ethical texts using Dēnkard (Acts of the Religion) full-text book IV – which is in fact the abstract of Zoroasterian counsels – has been conducted. With the analysis of the similarities between these two works in a mental and philosophical system, and from moral perspectives, we have concluded that Naser Khosro had been influenced by, and owes a lot to Zoroaterianism and Zoroasrian literature in writing his counsels.