فصلنامه تحقیقات فرهنگی ایران
سال سیزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 49، بهار 1399)

For more than two centuries, the social sciences have been subjected to the “irrational actor axiom" in the scientific study of religion. Religiosity and religious behavior were explained on the basis of primitive thought, neurotic impulses, and social conditioning; and the decline of religion and religiosity was also seen as the inevitable consequence of scientific enlightenment and technological advancement. From the late 20th century, and especially early 21th century, an increasing set of empirical data from social science research has shown that this traditional approach to the scientific study of religion is defective. Many of these data have seriously challenged the old but still popular social sciences scholarship on "incompatibility of science with religion”, "the gradual decline of religion" and "pathological roots of religious commitment." The research evidence presented in this paper also showed that most of the extensive literature on the relationship between university education and the reduction of students' religiosity, which was dominated by the secularization paradigm and the incompatibility of science with religion, does not have the necessary empirical support. Also, analyzing the data on the religiosity of Muslims in Iran showed that the difference in religiosity of the population was more affected by their religious background of their family rather than by studying at the university.

The findings of the article show that despite the long history of women as faculty members in higher education in Iran, we face a continuing gender gap among faculty members. Also, the higher we go up the ladder of professional hierarchy in the university, the stronger this gap becomes. The central question in this article is what challenges women face in entering the career of teacher-researcher and what is their narrative through this path in the midst of existing gender relations? This article will also address the facilitators as well as the barriers to achieving this career from the perspective of female teacher-researchers. The approach of this research is qualitative. Among the various techniques used in qualitative research to obtain the information required in this article, we have used the in-depth interview technique and in data analysis we have used thematic analysis. To achieve a more accurate understanding of the entry of women into university professional life, we have selected the two universities of Tehran and the Persian Gulf. According to the participants of the research, discriminatory attitudes towards women are seen in some of the applicant recruitment sessions. Existence of meta-academic criteria in recruitment sessions, constant change of bylaws and decisions, as well as men's lobbies are among the difficulties of entering the academic career. Some of the issues that women refer to as recruitment difficulties may be common to both men and women, but it should be noted that in the midst of existing gender relations, even common issues between men and women take on a different form and shape for each.

The issue as why and how the modern educational system of Iran that simultaneously kicked off with the establishment of Dār-al-Funun (the Academy of Arts ) in 1941 could gradually come under the dominance of the French educational system but fell into the domain of nationalism in the late Qajar period and throughout the first Pahlavi era, and that, when and to what extent these two formal and content areas could involve the modern educational system of Iran is the subject the author intends to show their connection through historical sources as well as documents and analyses in this domain. To respond to the aforementioned questions, it is essential to know which of the characteristics of the French educational system was associated with patriotic tendencies of Iranians in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which, too, were not unaffected by transformations in Europe and West Asia. This article will show Iran’s internal requirements, including domestic and border security, cultural and economic transformation as well as medical necessities, along with the historical context of Iranians' attention towards France and its well-known revolution, during Ahmad Shah Qajar, a period also known for the constitutional consolidation. To bring into account the political, cultural, and economic system led to the fact that the central government should realize the aspiration of constitutionalists by adopting cultural unification under the idea of ​​national unity and the plan of modernity, with the help of two tools i.e. modern education and bureaucracy.

The popularity of the network concept has increased dramatically, its importance for entrepreneurial activities has become increasingly recognized, and in a way, it can be said that it has become fashionable. Recent studies of the new economic sociology on the subject of women's entrepreneurship also focus on general specifications and limitations; they mainly emphasize the importance of networks. It is important to note that we must trace the fundamental difference between the achievements of men and women entrepreneurs in the concept of networks. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to increase the perception of networks and how to use them for entrepreneurial and business activities. To achieve this goal, the social network perspective has been considered and the qualitative method of network analysis has been used to deeply explain the network activities of 40 participants in the study. In this paper, we will study the social networks of women who have founded modern handicraft brands. This paper elaborates on two main questions; 1) what are the forms and quality of women's networking in this field? And 2) dose this networking help to create or facilitate their economic activities? To answer these questions, we present three layers of the network. Strong ties that are the family relationships, weak ties which include friendships and relationships with strangers i.e., customers. The most important viewpoint of this study is that its subjects are mostly using virtual communication tools for establishing relations with their customers. As discussed in this paper, this type of communication somehow guarantees the success and durability of their business.

This paper is to explore the mechanism of social production of Nowbahar Park in Kermanshah city. The theoretical approach is based on Henry Lefebvre's opinions on production of space. The study method is ethnography and in addition data collection techniques: observation, interviews, examination of documents and cognitive maps. The research findings are as follows:  1) Nowbahar Park was built in the late 1960s on the broad settlement processes; 2) The way people are exposed to this public space is influenced by intrinsic meanings, and each age group uses its own terms. Teenagers and young people in the reproduction of stigmatized meanings and the old people play a role in production of meanings. The permanent presence of Teenagers and young has increased their naming power; 3) Activists of daily life over time have been described by different meanings. These meanings are dual and at the same time, good/bad, relaxing/threatening. But, negative meanings are more prominent and so as to be known as a stigmatized place in the mental space of the city.

Understanding of urban life influenced by the conventional pathological logic has led to the perception of what is known as “Suburbanization” as something outside the city and as islands separate from the center. Kahrizak, as one of the suburban districts of Tehran, has strongly entangled in such an understanding. Focusing on the problem of generating Kahrizak, this study strives to show how Kahrizak has been embodied in the confluence of forces. The present study's question is to engage in a field understanding of the forces that have provided the ground for Kahrizak to appear and emerge. Genealogy and methods of space production influence the present study in the context of social relations. The genealogical research aspect is based on its involvement in understanding the relations of forces, their becoming process, and the story of their confluence. The present study focuses on some key moments as starting points for the spatial formation of Kahrizak: moment 1) Sugar factory; moment 2) Land reform or the continuation of the fragmentation of Kahrizak space; moment 3) Creating the dock; & moment 4) Kahrizak construction in Oral history.