نشریه سیاست و روابط بین الملل
پیاپی 7 (بهار و تابستان 1399)

Abstract: The Middle East faces a fragile and turbulent decade ahead. A forceful obstacle to sustainable peace and development in the region has been the heated rivalry unfolding between Iran and those countries opposed to it led by Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Israel, and strongly supported by the US. The Donald Trump administration’s aggressive stance on Iran is likely to fuel the regional tensions. The question is, "What are the consequences of the geopolitical rivalry between Iran and Saudi Arabia in the European countries and how can the European Union play a role in the process of stability and security in the Middle East?" Its a hypothesis, European actors need to delicately navigate the region’s geopolitical tensions and use the limited leverage they have to push against the current trend towards greater instability and perhaps a wider interregional and global conflict. The findings of this research have shown that if Europe does not act decisively on the issues of the Middle East and Iran's nuclear agreement and does not resist American unilateralism, Europe will face problems in the Middle East, including the refugee crisis and security problems. This research is a descriptive-analytical and Futurology research method.

Since the launch of the BRI in 2013, 136 countries and 30 international organizations have signed BRI cooperation documents, received US$90 billion in Chinese Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and exchanged US$6 trillion in trade with China. President Xi Jinping has described the BRI as the ‘Project of the Century’, yet the motivations, aims and scope of the BRI have been continuously debated and the Chinese Government has struggled to put forward a clear narrative for the initiative The Silk Road Economic Belt, first announced by Chinese President Xi Jinping during his September 2013 trip to Kazakhstan, envisions a network of roads and railways, together with a parallel network of pipelines, fiber-optic cables, and telecommunication links, connecting China to Europe via Central Asia, Iran, Turkey, the Balkans, and the Caucasus across the 11,000-kilometer-long Eurasian continent. While the “belt” links Eurasia to China by land, the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road will comprise a string of ports connecting China with Southeast Asia, South Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Europe through the South China Sea, the Indian Ocean, and the Mediterranean Sea. China’s motivations for this extraordinarily ambitious project are numerous. This article tray to describe the nuts and bolts of China’s Belt and Road Initiative and the evolution of the concept in Chinese strategic thinking, Examine the internal and external drivers motivating China’s push for the Belt and Road Initiative from an economic, political and strategic standpoint.

The Syrian crisis began in 2011 and its internationalization was due to the presence of regional and supra-regional actors, the occurrence of numerous internal violence, the displacement of thousands of Syrian citizens, and the destruction of its economic infrastructure and the inability of this government to Meeting the basic needs of its citizens; The heavy shadow of the fragility of the government of this land in the Middle East has increased and has affected the security of many regional governments, including Iran. Therefore, this research, with a descriptive-analytical research method, seeks to answer the question of what security threats has the fragility of the Syrian government posed to Iran? The temporary answer is that Iran's perception of the Syrian government's fragility has posed threats to it, both domestically and regionally; These threats include the threat to territorial integrity and national cohesion, the threat to its geopolitical and geostrategic depth, and the threat to the ideological balance in the region. The findings of this study, using the theory of defensive neorealism, are based on the fact that Iran, in addition to uniting with supra-regional powers such as Russia to strengthen the axis of resistance as its proxy arm, to prevent the Syrian government from overflowing with fragility threats. In the region and trying to keep the Assad government in power with its military presence in Syria, it has posed a threat to balance. The method of collecting information and data in this research is based on the library and Internet methods.

The interim agreement leading to formation of a free trade area between Iran and the Eurasian Economic Union become binding since 27th of October, 2019 is important for Iran in order to gain a political-economic opportunities vis-à-vis the West and regional cooperation especially Russia, in framework of the strategy of Iran. Given Iran's negative trade balance with the region in recent years, the main purpose of this study is to assess this agreement and answer this question: whether this agreement is beneficial for Iran? For this, the concessions of bilateral trade tariffs have been matched with the amount of trade between the two partners (Iran and the Union) in 2017. According to the results, despite the fact that most of Russia's imported goods from Iran are subject to tariff concessions, the trade balance of Iran's concessions against Russia has been negative. However, given the type of concessions between the two partners, there is a good capacity to increase Iran's exports to Russia. In the case of Armenia, the trade balance of Iran's concessions is generally positive and calculated in favor of Iran. In the case of both Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, the trade balance in the items is generally negative. Also, the trade balance of Iran's concessions against the Eurasia is generally negative, which could be due to Russia's dominance in the union, as well as Russia's position on Iran's trade with the region.

The melting of ice, could change international power relations. The discovery of new maritime routes, the shortening of communication route between the west and the east, the discovery of strategic resources, the issue of disputed borders, the Canada-Norway conflict, tensions between the United States and republic of China, and etc., can be examined in this context. The main question is why the Greenland can change the Geo-politics and power politics in the international context? The hypothesis of present research is formulated in such a way that the competition between the internal and external powers of the region, the Geo-economy and changing regional and international regimes have made Greenland as a new Geo political Hotspot in the regional and international system, and affecting power relations in the international system. The aim of this study is to elucidate the interactions of Geo-economics and Geo-politics in the Greenland region (as a Danish territory) and turn it into a Hotspot in the future of international relations and international system. This study is in terms of purpose, developmental, in terms of method, descriptive- explanatory and in terms of, information gathering, library study method.Key Words;

By the order of the Supreme Leader of the Revolution, which is based on peaceful defense diplomacy, the Islamic Republic of Iran, with the presence of the Navy of the Islamic Republic of Iran, turned its eyes to the home seas, the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman, to reduce the illegitimate presence of colonial powers. The special role of the Islamic Republic as an important country in the world has gone far. The Maritime Defense Diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran is based on peace and non-domination and non-domination to advance specific defense goals and work. Due to its location in the northern Indian Ocean, adjacent to Khali Jafars, the Strait of Hormuz, the Sea of Oman and the Caspian Sea, Iran has a special geopolitical and maritime position in the region and the world. Have a great impact on protecting national interests and achieving its defense goals. The findings of this study, while explaining the content the model of maritime defense diplomacy, indicate that the use of defense-maritime diplomacy measures of the Supreme Leader of the Revolution and its presence in international waters in promoting defense-maritime diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The continuation of this process has led to the maritime authority and national dignity of and has played a significant role in promoting and protecting the national interests.

This article explores the importance that Donald Trump's foreign policy toward competitors, ranging from economic rivals such as the People's Republic of China to security rivals such as North Korea and the Islamic Republic of Iran, has previously been based on deepening tensions and threats. But in a major paradigm shift, the nature of its threats, especially against the Islamic Republic of Iran, turned from soft power such as media war to a full-blown war, culminating in the assassination of Lieutenant General Soleimani. So the main question in this article is what was the main reason or reasons for Trump's foreign policy paradigm shift toward the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Shiite resistance front in the Middle East? The hypothesis tested by the authors underlines that the lack of Republican gains in soft power and the growing consolidation of the Resistance Front coalition have been the basis of this paradigm shift. The findings of the paper, based on a descriptive-analytical approach and utilizing composite theories Joseph Nye's and John Mearsheimer's aggressive realism, show that the three major principles of the breakthrough Resistance Front coalition, success in the upcoming US presidential election, and the fragility of the Arab- Hebrew Coalition has been the most important reason for such a turnaround.

Iraqi Kurdistan has made great strides in the scientific, economic and political fields since the formation of the federal government. In addition to progress in these areas, it has gained more influence in the region, especially in Kurdish minority countries, by supporting US policies in Iraq as well as its relationship with the Zionist regime. Existence of common borders and cultural and religious commonalities and on the other hand the many developments in recent years in the Kurdistan region compared to the Kurdish regions of Iran, along with the significant contribution of Kurds in the Iraqi political structure, have increased the influence of Iranian Kurds from Iraqi Kurdistan. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the independence of the Iraqi Kurdistan region on the national security of Iran. Accordingly, the main question of the research is based on what is the impact of the independence of the Iraqi Kurdistan region on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran?, Assumes the idea that, given the Kurdish neighborhood of Iran and Iraq and their influence from each other, the possible independence of this region will undoubtedly have a major impact on the security of Iran's Kurdish regions. The results indicate that in the current situation (climate federalism) this impact may only be significant in its economic dimension and in other security components, it will not have much impact on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The Arbaeen Pilgrimage Rite is one of the symbols of modern civilization for Muslims. The question of this research is what are the dimensions and strategies of using cultural elements in Arbaeen pilgrimage diplomacy? In answer to this question, the method of data collection as a library and their analysis based on the method of content analysis have been used. According to the results of this study, the four main and comprehensive topics that have been analyzed related to the content of written sources are: "Definition of Cultural Diplomacy of Arbaeen Pilgrimage", "Components of Arbaeen Pilgrimage Discourse", "Actors of Cultural Diplomacy of Arbaeen Pilgrimage" and "Strategies of Cultural Diplomacy of Arbaeen Pilgrimage". ». Diplomacy can be defined as the art of presenting the correct image of oneself to another, and cultural diplomacy can be defined as the use of cultural elements in presenting the correct image of oneself to the people of the world. The cultural diplomacy of the Arbaeen pilgrimage is the use of cultural elements in presenting the correct picture of the Arbaeen pilgrimage to the people of the world. The results of this study show that introducing the components of Ashura culture and using its components for regional and global convergence, accurate knowledge of the audience in the Shiite world, Islamic world and other cultural fields of the world and increase investment in the field. New communication and information technologies are among the most important strategies of cultural diplomacy of Arbaeen pilgrimage.

Called the "Deal of the Century," plan proposed by the US government and the Quds occupying regime, with the support of Saudi Arabia and neighboring countries, to end the Zionist regime's conflict with Palestine and a crucial step in the direction of fulfilling the Zionist aspiration The removal Palestine from the geography of the world's first Muslim Qiblah, the normalization of Arab-Zionist relations, and the weakening of the discourse of resistance. The purpose of this study is to explain the American plan of century deal and its impact on the resistance axis. This is an applied research that uses a descriptive approach with a mixed approach to try answer the main research question "what effect does the American plan of the century have on resistance axis?" The required data were also collected by library and field methods and analyzed by mixed methods (quantitative and qualitative). The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated by Cronbach's alpha method at 88% and for statistical significance, the statistical test was used by chi-square test at 95% confidence level and 0.05 error. The findings of the article indicate that results of this plan include widespread instability and insecurity in West Asia, increased threats against Iran, the weakening of Iran's relationship with resistance groups, disarmament of Palestinian resistance groups, and reduction in the depth of geopolitical influence. Iran will form broad coalition of competing axes against the infiltration of resistance front in the region, weakening and capturing Iran and the regional allies of the resistance axis

This study seeks to analyze the effects of the colonial nation-state project on the emergence of new states in Middle East and its impact on recent Middle East crises.Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire,the new Middle East governments emerged.These emerging states were born with the involvement of the colonial powers of the time in determining geopolitical and political boundaries.This colonial division,irrespective of the demographic context of the region,made these governments themselves the center of crisis in the Middle East.One of the consequences of this was the creation of very shaky social faults,which have appeared in the area of ​​revisionist reactions to the order at the national level.In fact, three obstacles to Pan-Arabism,Pan-Islamism, and finally to Kurds in recent decades have paved the way for the state-building of the nation-state in the Middle East.Contrary to European trends,the Middle East has never allowed these three barriers to institutionalized nationhood,resulting in the emergence of crisis at various levels of government born from the borders of the Ottoman Empire in the years following World War I.It is noteworthy that the present research is a descriptive-analytical method and a general outline of state-nation-building has been presented using theories of state-nation-building to generalize the research

Turkish-Israeli relations created a political-security and military alliance in the Middle East. This alliance had many effects on the countries of the Middle East. With the rise to power of the Justice and Development Party and the implementation of the Strategic Depth Doctrine, Turkey has begun a new level of political-security relations in the region.Playing a mediating role in regional equations between Israel,other Arab countries has given Turkey more maneuverability and turned Turkey from a single Israeli ally into a strategic leader in the region. Turkey was trying to gain a leading position among the countries of the region in the shadow of implementing the strategy of strategic depth. The expression of new values by Turkish leaders has led to confrontation with Israel and political-military tensions in the region. the main question of this article is, what are the consequences of the relations between Turkey and Israel between 1990-2107 in the Middle East?The findings of this study show that the establishment of political-security alliances in the Middle East, the implementation of the strategy of strategic depth and its reflection in Turkish-Israeli relations, the security consequences of Turkish-Israeli relations under the Persian Gulf, Iran, Shamat sub-system, Israel's isolation from isolation. Politics has been one of the consequences of Turkish-Israeli political-security relations. In this study, the authors used the resources of library-documentary, internet and descriptive-analytical approaches to examine the consequences of the political-security relations between Turkey and Israel from 1990-2017 with a more comprehensive view.