نشریه تفسیر و تحلیل متون زبان و ادبیات فارسی (دهخدا)
پیاپی 21 (پاییز 1393)

Catherine Kerbrat, a famous French linguist, in one of her valuable works entitled “Indirect Discourse”, introduced an issue regarding verbal communication, which began later studies on semantics, linguistics and, especially, science of communication. In her opinion, the possibility of a direct discourse is very little and most of our verbal communication is not direct in our daily life, and,basically, we usually express our ulterior motives and inner intentions indirectly. Therefore, always in prepositions, the untold prevail over the told, and, their size and scope is more extensive than the told or direct speech. Expressing these prepositions forces the addressee to think about their quality and quantity and to decipher them. The purpose of the present study was to analyze indirect discourse in ShahnamehFerdowsi based on the semantic theory of Kerbrat. The results indicated that the indirect speech was frequently used in Shahnameh beautifully and eloquently, and, Ferdowsi was successful in using the language and metalanguage factors.

Most of literal and cultural works has been created in our country is influenced by the lord speech, prophets narration and words of innocents.Masnavi manavi is also one of these works that in addition to its cultural and seientific valuability has learning phases and deep expand Molana’s view points in humanitarian factș has affected by lord speech somehow call this work as "Persian Qoran". Further moreMolana’s by using of prophetic narrations and innocents speeches wants to describe his works however, there are too many interprets, describes and explains, and too many trails for knowing this work has been done till now, he induce Persian litral area researchers to search, study, attention and think on his works till now.In this thesis I have tried to comparison between Nikelson’s description of Masnavi manavi’s first book with works of honorable literature professors Forouzanfar,Karim zamani and Estelami.For this reason I have studied and comparisoned Masnavi’s describes of each of these honorable professors by noticing to more samenesses among them, I have described differencesamong.

First, the authors try to give a precise definition of “Vasukht”, and its types and purposes. They want to determine when and why the poet wrote these poems.also The achievement of this study is that the authors have described the similarities and differences in themes “Vasukht”, in Khorasani and Iraqi style with “Vasukht”, school.“Vasukht”, is a combined infinitive And it is without the letter "n"Means Hatred and back Lover of the Beloved.“Vasukht” somehow was along with the “sukht” flow from start to the present time, not as inclusive as “Sukht” but having different strength and weakness. It is used in the theme today with some modifications.In Khorāsāni School, “Vasukht” has a relative moderation and this behavior occurs the same in beloved and lover. In Arāqi style, although beloved performs “Naz” and lover shows his “Niaz”, there are pale streaks of “Vasukht” speech which is remarkable in its type. It must be said that this method of vasukht was used more during sukht poems, changed with the arrival of the, “vughu” school and “Vasukht”,  And it became an independent manner.“Vasukht”, and “sukht” both came out of the hearts of “Vughu”  </span>And “Vughu”  also Formed  by the pattern of telling of Truth  and Verisimilitude.

Arne Naess, the Norwegian philosopher, coined the word Ecosophy </em>in 1970. His philosophy is the basis to a political movement called The Deep Ecology Movement. The emphasis on the word “deep” is to indicate that the movement is after fundamental changes in the way people think and act toward nature. Also, Ecosophy asserts that its followers can permanently review and revise their thought and action. The ultimate goal of the Deep Ecology Movement is Self-realization through nonviolent resistance. Each member of the movement can create her own Ecosophy as long as it includes Naess-Sesseions’ platform. Naess’s personal ecosophy is Ecosophy T. </span> Ecosophy is not a literary approach but the researcher believes that it has the capacity to become one. It can fill the gaps where Literary Ecocriticism does not assume as its realm. Accordingly, the researcher has applied some of the key concepts introduced by Arne Naess on the novel Missing Soluch</em> by Mahmoud Dowlatabadi. Naess putsdiversity</em>, complexity</em>, and symbiosis</em> under the umbrella term Self-realization</em> while truth</em> and fearlessness</em> go under nonviolent resistance</em>. These concepts are tightly interwoven and interdependent as the the novel proves them to be. The research shows that all the introduced concepts can be more or less found and discussed in the novel. In this sense, the chosen literary text is</span> capable of being read through Ecosophy.

This article seeks to examine the application of critical stylistics in the novel “My Bird“ written by FaribaVafi so that, answer to the fundamental question that, how can be achieved to the hidden ideology and dominant discourse in the context of the novel using certain stylistic components? The research was conducted with layer stylistic approach; hence, at the first, the outer layer and situational context and then two layer of narrative and textual, have been considered. This article was performed with analytical and descriptive method. The purpose of this study is the interpretation and understanding of work; because, from the perspective of critical stylistic, can be achieved to effects of hidden ideology, dominant discourse over this novel more easily and reflect on the fact that, how the language reproduces this social implications. At the end, this article concludes that, the contrasting of characters and discourses and the presence of the language negative pole in this work are significant components of style that, helping us to discover hidden ideology in the context of work. The hidden ideology of the novel is the repression of woman in the patriarchal system and woman silence and passive exposure against this repression.</span>

Being mythological is the first and best characteristic of natural and national epics which its instinctive feature is being extraordinary. Therefore, epics through linkage to myths - and myths correlating with the extraordinaries become holy. To spur their audiences’attention and emotions, narrators of epics attempt to tint and polish and magnify the extraordinaries. It is well-known that every nation would like to see their heroes at the peak of holiness and splendidness and, so they approach exaggeration of the heroes in order to stimulate a feeling of surprise and astonishment in audiences. This cause the nation to be honored for own heroes. Magnification process is the inherent trait of poem and all kinds of this process is particularly exposed in epic literature. For instance, describing Afrasiab, The Poet Ferdosi composes: If a mountain of iron heard Afrasiab’s name, it will be scared to thaw and become a sea. It is noticeable that composers of epic texts are not the creators of those epic and myths, although, they make use of their art of creativity in making up and magnification of scenes.</span>

In this paper, the various functions of the Public culture elements function in Akhavan poetry have been investigated. Akhavan is thenationalist poet and he is infatuate country's noble culture. He  has used the various folklore forms  is  ranging from oral literature to customs, superstitions and popular beliefs,games and etc., to extensive way , with various forms and  unique skills in  your songs. The study ofaccurate his poems is explanatory that beyond of the fancy application from this elements in his oratory, the  various Folklore forms has found special functions in his poems  by poet.the most important of these is include  in terms of present  time, social and political criticism , advice , influence in the hearts , expand the imagination and to create  artistic  brevity . . These functions are study to descriptive - analytical methodin this paper