نشریه اطلاعات جغرافیایی (سپهر)
پیاپی 68 (زمستان 1387)

In order to conduct spatial analysis of clustering, the principles and characteristics of genetic algorithms are utilized. The present paper presents a new method of spatial analysis of clustering based on genetic algorithm. The results of the scientific and practical experiments show that this method can maintain the overall characteristic of distribution and obtain an appropriate result.

The true origin of the unity of the Islamic Ummah (society of all Muslims as a whole) is the religion of Islam, which derives its root from human nature. The changes that this religion has had over the course of history have been limited to the minor details of the laws which owing to the variety of the situations of human life in different societies. The general principles that constitute the main body of the divine religion have always been united throughout history, this intellectual and ideological unity is the most important basis of unity in the Islamic society. In order to establish unity and solidarity among a community or nation, sharing common ideology and worldview are among basic necessities, without such a sharing, one can never expect a true unity among people. Today, among more than one billion Muslims, there is no disagreement concerning God, the Book of God, and the Prophet of God, and the Qibla, which is the symbol of unity in the outside world, has never been disputed. These four basic principles of unity can always be counted on as reliable bases for solving all of the minor differences.

Remote sensing and GIS are widely used in identifying and analyzing land use change. Satellite remote sensing provides multi-time and multi-spectral data that can be used to quantify the type and amount and position of land use change. Furthermore, the GIS also provides a flexible environment for displaying, storing and analyzing the digital data needed to detect changes. Since environmental changes are important in order to give a general impression of the region's environment and build credible hypotheses based on sustainable development, detecting these changes is an important process in the monitoring and management of natural resources and urban development. Detection of changes is also considered as a part of modern science due to dependence on remote sensing sciences and GIS. With the rapid growth of cities in recent years, the recognition of their biophysical compounds and their dynamism is of particular importance and is considered as an important research topic. The operations that are carried out in the course of digital analysis and interpretation of satellite data and with the aim of identifying and distinguishing ground phenomena can be summarized in three stages of initial surveys and information preparation, classification of information and finalized reviews and processing. Geometric correction of images and their classification based on existing methods and algorithms, and the accuracy of production maps, and finally comparing the maps at different times are among the stages of detecting changes. In the present study, we try to describe the steps briefly.

Land and its assignment to various urban activities such as residence, work, leisure, etc., in other words, land use planning has always been a major activity in urban life. The land use planning during the history of urban development and urban civil engineering, especially in the last century, has had different approaches and perspectives. Each of these perspectives, in turn, has affected this science and fulfilled some of its goals, but the last view that seems to satisfy all the objectives of land use planning for residents is the perspective of stable development, since it has a comprehensive view of urban land use (economic, social, physical, and environmental) and thus can be successful in establishing an efficient and correct relationship between all aspects of urban life. In this article, after introducing different perspectives on the land use system and their impacts, the notion of sustainable development in land use planning will be described and in the following, identification of policies and strategies that will help to achieve stability in relation to planning process will be addressed.

Mass movements zoning is one of the methods that can help to identify critical areas in terms of slope stability and to use the zoning map obtained in sustainable development planning (Karam, 2002, p. 25). The Sanandaj-Dehgolan route is considered as one of the main routes and of highest traffic in the Kurdistan province, whose transportation system in the mountainous area is threatened by mass movements. This road in the mountainous section has an unsuitable situation due to high slope of hillsides and high altitude of the area as well as the inappropriate location of the road and the consequent unsustainability of the slopes. The present study aims to determine the effective factors and elements in creating these movements using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and, based on the effect of each of these factors and elements, weigh them, and ultimately map the zoning of points sensitive to movements, and this zoning map is based on a combination of hypsometric layers, slope, slope direction, vegetation, soil type, lithology, distance from fault, distance from the road, distance from the village, drainage network density, temperature, precipitation, as well as land units and land use. Accordingly, the range was divided into four risk classes. The map was divided into four classes including very high (8.7 km2), high (28.9 km2), average (41.3 km2) and low (​​6.5 km2) areas of risk.

Today, the increasing trend of urbanization and concentration of population in cities in all countries of the world is indisputable. But this phenomenon has not have the same results everywhere. In industrial societies, due to balanced economic, political and social growth, the mobilization of human forces in cities has been utilized in the best way and toward a comprehensive development, while in the third world countries, due to lack of appropriate infrastructure, heterogeneous growth and the invasion of population to the cities has caused many social problems and has involved governments with a serious and deep challenge. The creation of irregular homes and Ghettos in large cities and metropolitan areas in backward communities, which have been formed due to lack of proper absorption of work-seeking and mostly rural migrant population to these areas, are among the biggest and most important issues that have occupied the planners and decision-makers minds in such communities. It has been proved through experience that this phenomenon, if dealt with improperly and without careful and in-depth study, will be the source of many other social irregularities. This article is an attempt to understand the spatial-social separation phenomenon in urban neighborhoods (Ghettos) and its effect on the fabric and structure of cities and finally, the study of this problem in Tehran as the capital of Iran - a city that any intervention and planning in it directly and indirectly affects other cities of the country - and to propose appropriate solutions in relation to native and national culture to deal with this issue. The results of this study show that the policies of neglect and elimination of Ghetto neighborhoods have been not only ineffective, but, on the contrary, have resulted in many negative outcomes such as an increase in abnormalities and social problems. The provision of facilities and the establishment of laws and encouraging policies by the government and, in other words, changing the attitude of looking down on these neighborhoods and paying them and their inhabitants respect and attention will make the Ghetto-residents themselves to provide conditions for improvement of their homes and their residential textures, and will help improve their economic and livelihood so that they leave their self-made houses and be absorbed into other urban neighborhoods and developed urban areas.

Given the existing sanctions on the use of new technologies in the field of photogrammetry and remote sensing, and given that the Geographic Organization has one of the most advanced digital cameras in the world, the importance of localization in the field of production and self-sufficiency is increasingly felt. The installation of digital camera on a plane was one of the problems which, thankfully, was solved by the experts of the Geographic Organization. In the next step, the status parameters (translation and rotation parameters) of the digital camera should be determined relative to the two GPS and INS systems. Therefore, the first digital images were obtained by designing control points and appropriate flight paths over a test area. Finally, the magnitude of rotation parameter (Bore Sight), magnitude of shift (GPS Drift) and also the effect of Self-Calibration equations in final results and the determination of the magnitude of extra parameters were determined.

The Persian Gulf is a semi-closed sea with eight countries on its borders. Iran has the maximum length of coast and it can be said that more than half of the Persian Gulf coast belongs to our country. This beautiful aquatic zone has special natural and political conditions. The Persian Gulf has an aquatic relationship with the Indian Ocean through the Strait of Hormuz and the Oman Sea. The Persian Gulf bed is considered as totally continental shelf, which, according to the excavations, has huge hydrocarbon resources, a significant portion of which is discovered and is being extracted. The Persian Gulf states contain the largest reservoir of the world's energy resources. More than 65 percent of the world's oil and more than 38 percent of the world's gas belongs to this geopolitical area. Currently, more than 28 percent of the world's oil is currently supplied from this region. Considering the depletion of oil in other parts of the world, the importance of Persian Gulf oil will increase and its contribution to future world oil production will rise. More than 80 percent of the oil produced in the Gulf region is carried by giant oil tankers and through this aquatic area. The environment of the Persian Gulf is being destroyed by this state of affairs. There are other issues, such as change of beach physics, releasing urban and industrial sewage and removing sand which intensify the environmental degradation of the sea. Southern coastal countries are making changes in the coasts irrespective of the natural conditions of the Persian Gulf, causing further contamination as well as legal problems in the future. The expansion of the phenomenon of urbanization and population growth also cause more environmental problems for the Persian Gulf. This paper tries to describe the factors affecting the environment while describing the geographical situation of the Persian Gulf.

Hamadan province, enjoying the fourth rank of tourism in Iran, is currently in a position to attract thousands of foreign and domestic tourists. A look at the available resources of tourism in Hamedan province indicates that this area is a tourism pole that, as a set, includes all the attractive factors that are due to different tastes and mental states of tourists. All the provincial cities, each in one way or the other, enjoy valuable tourist attractions. In particular, the city of Hamedan, as the capital of the historical civilization of Iran, which has gained worldwide fame as one of the oldest capitals of the Iranian plateau with the first comprehensive government, has attracted the attention of planners of the tourism industry in the country. Therefore, the city of Hamedan has established itself as an important tourist city thanks to the diversity of historical buildings and ancient Iranian memorials dating back to several thousand years old and its genuine and stable status (as no city as ancient as Hamadan has survived in the world. With its Alvand elevations, this area is one of the most exciting ecotourism areas, and also, containing cultural and tourist attractions, one of the important tourism areas of Iran, which attracts more than 2 million Iranians and international tourists annually. With this characteristic, Hamedan can be described as one of the most important and valuable tourist destinations.

Natural disasters and accidents are a global problem and, in particular, one of the major issues affecting countries especially Iran, which has been raised in international affairs and humanitarian associations as a global problem and common pain among people, and have been considered in in countries’ major policy making as an important social, economic, security and political issue. Whatever the country can act more efficiently and powerfully in controlling destructive phenomena effective in economic and social disruptions, and in minimizing the damage caused by their occurrence, it will have helped the economic, welfare and security strength of the country. Therefore, in this regard, and with the hope that a small step will be taken in the definition of sand storm management, this article aims to define and describe a series of terms related to sand storms and relevant issues, and by doing so, it will help coordination, completion and coherence of actions.

The spatial distribution of vulnerability groups in Tokyo is not exactly clear. However, there is a significant correlation between the distribution of wood houses vulnerable to earthquakes and that of old communities. A strategic study on homelessness in Tokyo showed that the highest number of people without housing were concentrated in limited areas of the city such as parks, railroad stations and the borders of levees. It should be noted that, according to international standards, there is only a small number of homeless people in Japan. The emergence and growth of the homeless population in Tokyo is a response to the lack of luck and the economic recession in small industries, which had once attracted a large number of rural migrants in the city due to ease and unskilled nature of work in those businesses. Although systematic planning to increase the participation of homeless people in activities designed to reduce and minimize disaster risks and damages is a valuable and technically feasible measure, it has faced many Japanese citizens' resistance. This research is about social vulnerability in Tokyo, which was first examined by Yuno (1998) and Wiesner (1998). The purpose of this research is to study two issues. First, it wants to show that the vulnerability to incidents has demonstrated certain spatial patterns in Tokyo. It has been deducted (1994) that social factors are affected and shaped by accidents. So in Tokyo, we see that the social and spatial structure of the city is influenced by the vulnerability pattern of incidents. Second, this study is an introduction to the description of homelessness distribution in Tokyo, which has been taken as a primary step for a public analysis of social solidarity due to urban vulnerability. In order to reinforce this, at first a brief overview of the social evolution of Tokyo has been presented.