فصلنامه آمایش محیط
پیاپی 49 (تابستان 1399)

This study was conducted with the aim of explaining whether the different parts of Bushehr have access to basic public services and it was conducted in 9 districts of the city. This study benefited from a descriptive-analytic method in which the sources for library documents were analyzed and evaluated based on 19 indicators. Data analysis was performed using the techniques of Focus Level Assessment, Distribution Rate, VIKOR and Principal component analysis. The obtained results showed that basic public services in the city of Bushehr was not related to the areas of distribution and the heterogeneous spatial distribution services in the area had only led to gap space. The results also showed that districts 9 and 2, 3 of Bushehr, in terms of accessing to services and enjoying urban development benefited from a better position than other districts and the district 1 was identified as disadvantaged area because of failure in the spatial distribution of public services which must have been considered as the first priority in urban development and services.

Housing today is considered as one of the most basic human needs after food and clothing, and due to its economic nature, it is one of the main categories of urban and rural communities. With the increasing population growth and the development of urban life, the need for housing has also increased and the need for planning in this area is more prominent. One of the most effective tools for measuring the status, decision making and planning of housing is quantitative and qualitative indicators of housing. In this research, using these indices, we investigate the housing situation in Isfahan province and compare these cities with each other. The required data have been derived from the results of the general census of population and housing in Isfahan province in 2011 and the information obtained from the statistics center site. Eventually, by using TOPSIS technique, cities have been ranked in terms of level of development in the housing sector and the results have been analyzed using GIS software. Based on the results of the study, "Esfahan" ranked first as the most developed city and city of "Fereydoun Shahr" as the most deprived city and the other cities are located in a spectrum between them, then using the SWOT technique the internal factors were identified and some approaches for using the opportunities and overcoming the weaknesses were proposed.

Rapid urbanization has put heavy pressure on the land and it is surrounding resources, reducing vegetation, reducing open space and serious social and environmental problems. An important step in managing and planning urban development, as well as assessing its cumulative effects, is to study and simulate the physical development of the city. One of the processes in which a city changes can be investigated for a multi- year period and therefore predicting the directions of urban development for appropriate planning is urban development modeling, so urban designers and planners have spatial information and when they are related to urban growth patterns, they need to do the modeling. The aim of the present study is to model the urban development of Bandar Abbas city using the LCM model in the 21st year series ( 1994, 2002, 2009, 2015) using the  Landsat satellite images. In the first step, after classification of images by supervised method, mostly we compared the maps with the accuracy of the KAPPA coefficient of 0.9550, and then using the land- change model to predict the map of 2021 and using the Logistic regression model and the CA-Markov chain, the development of the city in 2021 was anticipated exactly. After calculating the matrix, the probability of transfer of changes to predict land use in 2009, 2015, and 2021 was calculated using Logistic regression, which compared to land use in the years 2009 and 2015, the accuracy of the Kappa coefficient was 75.3% for 2009 and 86.9%. Also for the year 2015 we achieved relatively good results.

We witness cities high risk taking in recent years as a result of climate changes. Climate changes result in higher temperatures, rising sea levels, severe storms and increased droughts. However, reduced risk and vulnerability were ignored.  The research method is survey and its logic is inductive and its most important advantage is interoperability of the obtained results. The SPSS and Lisrel Software are used for data analysis and statistical tests and Arc GIS software were used in order to display spatial maps. In this study, spatial management institutions variable including institutions and stakeholders of Bonab city and surrounding villages management was considered as dependent and endogenous variable was measured and analyzed in thirteen dimensions based on Hyogo vision and Framework. The reduced risks of climate fluctuations were measured and analyzed in six dimensions in order to increase the region's resiliency as exogenous variable. Output calculations based on single-sample t-test (T) indicated that urban- regional management principles were unfavorable in the study area and generally in spatial management dimension. The casual network that is determined by structural equations is 2.32 based on X2 / DF value and since the obtained value is smaller than 3, it shows that the model fitness is appropriate. The root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) must be less than 0.08 that is equal to 0.063 in the proposed model. GFI (goodness of fit index) and (adjusted goodness of fit index) AGFI indices are equal to 0.91 and 0.90 respectively that must be greater than 0.80. The results of five indices are presented including increased comparative fit, relative fitness, Bentle Bonett normative fit, and Tucker-Lewis fit and comparative fit index based on data goodness of fit and structural model.

Nowadays, the methodology of urban plans preparation in developed countries is often based on urban fluid plans. In Tabriz metropolis like other cities of Iran, the static plan (general), no longer can satisfy the urban demands and the developmental  plan of this metropolis has to step towards dynamics and flexibility The present research aims to evaluate the feasibility of urban fluid plan in Tabriz planning. In this course, the main assumption of the research is based on the urban fluid approach in preparation of Tabriz development plan in terms of the feasibility of urbanism rules, management system (concentrated) and financial factors. At first, the SWOT method has been utilized to review the current situation of development in Tabriz and in order to assure the accuracy of the obtained situation, the SWOT method from SPACE model has been used.  Finally, in order to prioritize the strategies of such two models, the QSPM model was used. It was found that the urban fluid plan is the most suitable plan for Tabriz. Finally, through BSC model (Balanced Score Cart), the feasibility of fluid plan in Tabriz metropolis was evaluated which its results show that in the current situations of Tabriz, there are no fields of general provision to utilize the fluid approach, and based on average of four balanced score cart, only there is 39.86 percent provision for the utilization of the given approach. The major obstacle in the development of Tabriz with fluid approach was the inner procedure of the organization, and financial dimension with 40 percent efficiency as the second obstacle and innovation and learning dimension with 44.44 percent is the third obstacle of fluid approach and only, citizenship dimension with 75 percent has the optimum situation in utilization of  urban fluid approach.

The earthquake is one of the natural disasters with which the majority of cities in all countries encountered. This issue has been generally reinforced by the widest unconsidered human intervention in natural environment like unconventional constructions in the earthquake fault range, lack or neglecting of criteria and constructions standards. Increasing the resilience of cities to natural disasters specifically earthquake is greatly effective in reducing damages and also is effective for recovery periods of communities. Accordingly, the present study seeks to evaluate and compare the resilience of Ardebil, Tabriz, and Urmia cities in four social, economic, institutional and physical-environmental dimensions. The research method is descriptive - analytic and its nature is an applied one. In this research, the theoretical framework of the research was initially carried out through the collection of information and the use of documentary studies. In order to investigate the resilience of the understudied cities, resilience criteria and sub-criteria were determined by examining the previous studies. Then the values of each of the indicators were obtained by field studies and approved projects in each of the understudied areas and the obtained data were analyzed using SPSS software. The results showed that the cities of Ardebil and Tabriz were in a favorable situation with an average score of 3.35 and 3.33 respectively (higher than the average of 3), but the city of Urmia with an average of 2.71 (below the average of 3) was in an unsatisfactory situation in case of crises.

Over the past few years, lands of many cities in Iran, especially marginal lands, have been repurposed due to the urbanization trend and need of citizens for new housing, turning this city parts into lands for construction. Given the facing of Mahshahr city with the phenomenon of immigration in the past years, significant changes have been observed in urban land use of this area. The research aimed to evaluate land changes in Mahshahr city during 1966-2011. To learn about the type and amount of changes, the Landsat images of TM, ETM, OLI/TIRS and the demographic changes of this city in the period of 1956-2011 were assessed. After image enhancement, fuzzy methods based on compliance intensity (Fuzzy Artmap) and comparison after classification (Crosstab) were used to detect and evaluate the changes. According to the results of the study, no significant changes have been observed in the area of green spaces and pastures of Mahshahr during 1976-1986; when the most immigrations to this city occurred. However, given the growth of urban space during 1986-1996, the area of green spaces and pastures significantly decreased. Therefore, the green spaces and pastures of this city reduced due to population growth with a delay. Nevertheless, there has been an increase in the green space area of the city during 1996-2006 despite the population and urban area growth.

Nowadays, infill-development is considered as an appropriate approach in cities facing horizontal expansion limitation as well as natural restrictions. On the one hand, this inner development is related to providing urban housing and the necessity of preserving city proper lands and its surrounding area. Many urban lands are either non-utilized or have extra-urban land use (as prison, barracks, etc.). For some lands, building-residential density has not been implemented considering land value and existing installations and equipment. This has caused cities to expand in their suburbs in a discordant and indiscriminate manner. By restricting marginal expansion and implementing persuasive densification policies, the destruction of environment and farming lands in suburbs could be prevented; besides, the use of intra-city capacities will be optimized and maximized. Consequently, by leading infill physical expansion, steps could be taken to urban sustainable development. Based on available statistics, 67 thousand hectares of urban worn-out texture has been identified of which 258 hectares lie in Borojerd. Ignoring the infill development in cities of Iran is especially obvious in Borojerd. This study aims to assess the spatial capacity for infill development in abandoned and unused land in Borojerd. This is a descriptive- analytic survey. As the result of the study showed, by considering empty, unconstructed land inside Borojerd and by estimating receivable lands, the necessity of optimized use of empty, less utilized spaces as well as abandoned lands to provide houses and expand cities through in-fill development can be understood and preferred to sporadic urban expansion in uneven, gradient land with high preparation costs.

High competitiveness of the destinations is one of the key factors of success and benefiting from tourism in the international tourism market. Accordingly, this study seeks to identify the determinants of tourism competitiveness in Iran using Dwyer’s integrated model. After selecting the indicators and categorizing them into six groups, a questionnaire was developed and 129 questionnaires were completed through a web survey. The study population included all employees of the public and private tourism sector as well as professors and students of tourism field were selected. In addition to identifying the determinants of competitiveness of urban tourism, competitiveness of urban tourism was analyzed using OECD indicators.  In order to test the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha was used. The results revealed that among the six key determinants of competitiveness of urban tourism, only endowed resources (with a total average of 4.17) and situational condition (with a total average 3.55) had relatively favorable conditions. The analysis of the relationship between tourism and six determinants of competitiveness revealed that endowed and created resources have had greater, direct and indirect effect on the competitiveness of urban tourism. Accordingly, protection and enhancement of the environment, the diversification and development of recreational activities, festivals and exhibitions, quantitative and qualitative improvement of tourism guides and information as well as marketing and advertising are suggested as the main recommendations of the study.

Some cities have different roles due to their geographical and natural location and trough the formation of rivers. In some cities, such as Ahvaz, since ancient times, with the construction of a dam on the Karun River, the transfer of water for agricultural purposes, drinking, mills and transportation of commercial goods of citizens have been common. The purpose this research is to study the current situation and feasibility study of the potentials and capabilities of spatial, economic, recreational and services appropriate to the population adjacent to Karoon river in Ahvaz. The method of this research is analytical and descriptive and the necessary data were collected through observation, interview, questionnaire and also using documents such as map, statistics, book, article, report.  The random sampling method was applied in five municipal districts adjacent to Karoon and two environments, namely, educational and academic ones, were selected to achieve the results of the study. The results of the study showed that in spite of the lack of preparation near Karoon river, the existing potentials and capabilities of the city have not been appropriately tapped.