نشریه پژوهش های پیشرفت: سیستم ها و راهبردها
پیاپی 2 (تابستان 1399)

Organizational pathology is often considered as the most critical component of establishing an organizational transformation plan; therefore, an important step that successful organizations take to improve their effectiveness regards performing accurate and timely pathology. This research is mainly intended to identify the defects of the transformatio and training system of Salehin from the views of trainers and headmasters, and their ranking in the Basij Organization of Khorasan Razavi province. Harrison's completed model is used to classify the defects. This applied research follows mixed (qualitative-quantitative) method for data collection and descriptive analytical method for analysis. The statistical population of this study includes instructors (team leaders) of Salehin selected on the basis of stratified random sampling containing 168 people according to Cochran's formula. The main research tool contained a researcher-made questionnaire with a reliability coefficient of 93%, measured by SPSS12 software. The results indicated that the defects of Salehin training system contains 28 items, which received the score of 5 and less respectively, in terms of their significance: 1) consideration of quantity, rather than paying sufficient attention to quality by most managers without to quality (extreme attention to quantity), 2) inconsistency of the speech and the deeds of instructors and their practicality, 3) lack of a certain plan for studying the content, 4) lack of a clear and consistent definition of training system of Salehin by  managers and commanders, of the righteous educational system, 5) lack of attention to the needs of the trainees.

The background of policymaking and decision making in systems is interwoven with the history science of management. Early approaches and theories in this field of study are mainly based on engineering and quantitative approaches, and are occupied by methods developed in the discourse of "scientific management". Yet, recent approaches in this field are taken from emerging subdivisions of management discipline containing futurology and science and technology policymaking qualitative, contain descriptive and explanatory aspects. This research is intended to have a review study of the approach of the innovation system, its discourse (and perhaps its paradigm), its elements and components, and to briefly introduce the theories developed within it, and to focus on the conceptual or policymaking dimensions, and decision-making process in this type of system. As a new approach, the innovation system contains a background of less than three decades in the history of science and technology. Hence, this study tries to investigate theoretical deficiencies in both the conceptual, scientific and technological policymaking processes, and to highlight its weaknesses. This review shows that the approach involves serious weaknesses in some of its components such as institution, disregarding strategic policies and lack of appropriate system tools. Moreover, the innovation system approach does not offer novel causal and analytical (rather than descriptive) theories for the policymaking process of science and technology.

Ecosystem is a concept borrowed from humanities, the field of creation and nature, on the basis of which economic, organizational, business and social fields have evolved. Based on this evolution, influence of concepts and knowledge, and a special type of thought called ecosystem thinking has been formed. Under this system, understanding and observing the different social and economic spaces as ecosystems and designing them as ecosystems become relevant. Ecosystem thinking is now a new perception which relates to systems thinking. This study is intended to identify different presuppositions of some scholars and thinkers in the field of systems theory, on the relation between system thinking and ecosystem thinking. Hence, Q methodology is employed for this purpose because it is designed for identifying the suppositions and for their classification. Having covered the scope and theoretical literature of the research, 37 statements of this theoretical domain were extracted and were exposed through identical cards to 30 participant selected by availability for sorting the Q sample. The reliability of Q categories was confirmed through test-retest method. The collected data were analyzed and processed by SPSS25 software. Q factor analysis resulted in the identification of four suppositions including “contrast”, “absolute generality and peculiarity”, “relative generality and peculiarity” and “change and evolution”. Finally different identified suppositions were introduced.

Understanding innovation system of industry is a requirement for progress in the knowledge-based economy. On the other hand, each industry plays a special role with specific importance, and some parent industries, such as oil industry, take a special position in the Iranian economy. This research is intended to provide policy recommendations for the country's oil industry after drawing an institutional map of the Iranian oil industry innovation system, with the pathology of the role of institutions based on a functional approach. Hence, analysis of the innovation system on the basis of active institutions in the innovation system of the oil industry was carried out through institutional mapping by the participation of ten experts in the oil industry through Delphi method. Then, the functional network of the innovation system was identified by reviewing the literature, and the weights of functions were determined by seventeen innovation experts. Afterwards, the matrix of the functional institution for the Iranian oil industry was designed with the participation of nine experts in innovation and the oil industry. It can be concluded from the functional-institutional analysis of the oil industry innovation system that, although research and educational institutions such as the University of Petroleum Industry, International Institute for Energy Studies, Petroleum Industry Research Institute, Expropriation Research Institute, etc. are active in the development of knowledge development and dissemination, they play little role in entrepreneurial projects which are highly important, only support knowledge-based companies. As a result, it seems that in order to improve the functioning of the oil industry innovation system, institutions must be designed to strengthen this aspect.

Rahian Noor is one of the largest cultural movements in the Islamic Republic of Iran, which managed to have seven million pilgrims in 2018. Although attendance at the memorials of the Holy Defense leaves a marvelous effect on the pilgrims, the realization of a conscious pilgrimage depends on the way the narrators of the Holy Defense present it. An initial estimation indicates that at least 20,000 narrators of the Holy Defense are required, but their recruiting, training, educating, employing, organizing, supervising, and continuous communicating among them on a large scale for such a large population is a very difficult and complex task. The first step in managing this number of narrators is the instruction of effective narration of the Holy Defense. Therefore, this study, focusing on the subject of the Holy Defense narration training, and employing the strategic choice approach (SCA), narrative training smartening strategies were identified and prioritized. The results indicated that the strategic priority involves "organizing and training young informal and untrained narrators through virtual (electronic) training by making use of the capacity of high-ranking commanders of the Holy Defense through developing narrators' smart networks."

Regarding the complex, dynamic and fluctuating environment of the present age, gradual changes can no longer provide solutions to the present problems of organizations. To meet these environments and to gain competitive advantages, organizations are seeking a vivid revolutionary and generalist criteria of performance, known as Business Process Reengineering (BPR). Despite the high effectiveness of this approach, its implementation fails in most projects. By a comprehensive review of the research literature, 24 initial challenges were identified for this study, and by getting the opinions of eight experts through a questionnaire, and employing Fuzzy Delphi method, 9 challenges were selected as the most important ones in implementing process reengineering. Then, these factors were hierarchically prioritized by interpretive structural modeling (ISM). The results signified that three challenges of skepticism about the possible consequences of BPR, employees' concerns about job security and stability, and resistance against employees replacement can be considered as the three main basic challenges in performing and implementing BPR. For sure, human resource reception of the BPR project and its subsequent changes are the most important provisions for successful implementation of the BPR.