نشریه پژوهش ملل
پیاپی 56 (شهریور 1399)

Relations between Iran and Pakistan before the Islamic Revolution Friendly and low tension. After the Islamic Revolution, for several reasons: The military buildup in Pakistan, the border disputes, the Shiite massacre, and ... divergences between the two countries. The issuing of the revolution, which was supposed to give priority to neighboring and Muslim countries of Iran, Has doubled the differences, and in spite of Iran's victories in Iraq and Syria ..., it was not shown in Pakistan. The research is descriptive and analytical in an attempt to answer this question: What are the most important variables affecting the divergence of Iran and Pakistan? The research hypothesis was based on this foundation that a set of regional and trans-regional factors caused a divergence in the relations between the two countries. The research findings show that by basing the theoretical framework on the basis of constructive theory and the effect of social norms and formations on the relations between governments, The most important factors of divergence of the two countries are: The Taliban's actions in Pakistan, the Iran-Pakistan rivalry over regional power, the extreme reactions against the Iranian revolution, the Pakistani relations with the United States and Saudi Arabia ... are among the most important causes of divergence in relations between the two countries.

The Gulen movement is one of the most prominent socio-cultural movements in the contemporary Middle East and Islamic world. The foundation of this movement, which has traces of the moderate and tolerant tradition of Anatolian Islamism, is based on the re-reading, production and reproduction of the foundations of Islamic identity. This movement has similarities with Erdogan's Political Islam in some concepts such as neo-Ottomanism, Turkish nationalism, development and knowledge. By choosing another concept of Islam (i.e. political Islam), Erdogan has shown his opposition to Gulen’s thought and approach. The main purpose of this article, in the first place, is to help to better recognize Fethullah Gulen as one of the leading figures of the Islamic world and Erdogan as a figure in a successful Islamic movement in the region and a successful model of combining Islam and modernity in the political arena of Turkish society. Therefore, it seems that understanding their intellectual and ideological roots, especially the Gulen current of thought, is also useful for other Islamic societies that are developing and completing their social and political processes. The hypothesis of the article is that Gulen and Erdogan have similarities and differences in some fundamental concepts. Gulen, influenced by Said Nursi, and Erdogan, influenced by Necmettin Erbakan, have two different interpretations of the teachings of Islam in governing Islamic society. The research method is descriptive-analytical and this article tries to study and analyze Fethullah Gulen’s and Recep Tayyip Erdogan’s ideas in the field of social Islam and political Islam.

Drones, like other military tools and equipment, are subject to the rules of international humanitarian law. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the legitimacy or illegality of the use of these aircrafts within the framework of the rules of international humanitarian law and the regulations of armed conflict. In this regard, the principle of separation, the principle of proportionality, and the principle of precaution and their applicability to drones will be examined. A look at the rules of international law, especially humanitarian law, shows that the use of drones is not inherently prohibited in general, and that these aircrafts themselves do not violate the principles and rules of humanitarian law. Because drones are considered as war tools and equipment, not weapons, the provisions governing arms control do not apply to them and they are not considered as prohibited weapons. But as tools and equipment of war and in order to realize the methods of conflict, they must be able to comply with the principles and rules of international humanitarian law, especially the principle of separation. It is not possible to make a general judgment as to whether drones are generally capable of complying with these rules and the do's and don'ts of the law of armed conflict, and whether any use of them complies with these rules. Rather, it is based on the purpose for which the aircraft is operated, with what capabilities and functions, and in what circumstances and under what control methods.

Peace and tranquility in today's world is a citizenship and human right, and human beings have always been concerned with peace and avoidance of conflict, while avoiding conflict has been inevitable for various reasons. In the absence of a coherent and organized system of international relations, it is recognized that the aggrieved state or states can retaliate against a violation of a humanitarian rights obligation. But the scope and conditions of recourse to reciprocity are not unlimited. Human rights obligations have certain characteristics and in some cases are different from other obligations. Humanitarian rights have been established in order to protect civilians, children, etc. The limits of reciprocal actions of states should be in accordance with Article 51 of the Charter and based on respect for principles such as the principle of human dignity, the principle of human behavior and non-discrimination, the principles of restriction in the use of weapons and war tools, the principle of necessity of military action, the principle of separation of persons and property in armed conflicts, and the principle of good faith. The present article has investigated this issue with a descriptive-analytical method with the aim of identifying solutions and measures for better protection and prevention of human rights violations.

Cyberspace, while creating multi-faceted interaction and communication between users, makes it possible to share interests, connect with other cultures, beliefs and religions and obtain information on various topics. But improper use of this space can lead to irreparable damage, such as compromised privacy, the loss of family relationships, the phenomenon of sexual victimization and so on. Sexual victimization in cyberspace refers to the process of sexual victimization by the emergence, growth, development and finally, the use of information technology. Among the audience of such tools and facilities are children who have entered cyberspace with insufficient awareness, and under the influence of some factors, they are subjected to various crimes such as pornography, sex trafficking via the Internet, internet harassment, sex tourism, sexual demand, and media violence. These crimes occur for reasons such as insufficient computer awareness, curiosity, attractiveness of the victim due to characteristics such as childishness, and lack of monitoring methods. Dealing with child victimization in any situation and space is very important in all respects, and considering its increase in a cyberspace that is not under the supervision of parents, it is very important to pay attention to the methods of dealing with this issue and examining the legal aspects of related events. Therefore, the present article seeks to investigate child sexual victimization in cyberspace and find legal solutions to deal with it, and to do so, a descriptive method has been used.

Leadership decrees are the authorities vested in the leadership in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Regarding the scope of leadership decrees in the subject law of Iran, the constitution should be scrutinized, in which, this term has not been mentioned anywhere in all 177 principles of the constitution; but its scope is in the form of issues such as determining the general policies of the system, resolving disputes between the three Iranian powers (the executive, the legislature and the judiciary) and regulating the relations of these powers, for which a precise framework is not seen in laws and regulations. Therefore, on the one hand, the legislators have tried to formulate the goals, norms and rules of Islam in the best format under the title of the constitution, and on the other hand, they have tried to not to ignore the possibility of changing the requirements of the time and the emergence of more appropriate methods for implementing Islamic standards - and as a result, inconsistency of some of the principles in the constitution with Islamic rules and principles. Therefore, Article 177 of the Constitution provides for its revision, just as by drafting Article 4 of the Constitution, it has eliminated the possibility of any contradiction between the principles contained in the Constitution and the standards of Islam. In view of the above, it can be stated that the purpose of this article is to determine the exact scope of leadership decree. In order to analyze this issue using descriptive and analytical methods, it was concluded that in the revision of the Constitution, this regulation should be added to the Constitution in the form of a principle.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of body language training on students' schemas of obedience and emotional inhibition. The research method was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of this study consisted of male and female students of Tehran Azad University, 30 of whom were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups of 15 people each. To collect research data in the pre-test and post-test stages, the items of obedience and emotional inhibition of the Young Schema Questionnaire were used. Body language training was applied to the experimental group students in eight 90-minutes sessions according to Baniasadi and D’Souza (2011) program. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22 software. The results of the univariate analysis of covariance showed that there was a significant difference between the post-test scores of obedience and emotional inhibition in the experimental group and the control group. According to these results, 24.7% of the variance in changes in the obedience schema can be explained by body language training. The results also showed that 25.3% of the variance in changes in the emotional inhibition schema is explained by body language training. Therefore, it can be concluded that body language training is effective in reducing the schemas of obedience and emotional inhibition of students.