فصلنامه اعتیاد پژوهی
پیاپی 56 (تابستان 1399)

The aim of this study was to investigate life experiences and socio-economic status of two groups of drug abusers hospitalized in the clinic and living in the greenhouse.

The present study was conducted with a qualitative approach and with a background method. An in-depth interview was conducted on 36 substance abusers. Sampling was theoretical and data collection continued until theoretical saturation. Data were analyzed by coding via Strauss and Corbin method.

Unhealthy socialization, recreational consumption, internal stimuli, reciprocal rejection, institutional inequality, multiple poverty, defective welfare system, disgust with the current situation, duality and emotional-behavioral conflict, norm-breaking, psychological and social collapse and the formation of a secondary community were the most important categories in the present study.

Substance abuse is associated with "behavioral-emotional divergence and convergence" and "social exclusion". That is, the abuser experiences a kind of disengagement (separation) from society during his or her substance-dependent lifestyle. In-depth study on the status of substance abusers in the social structure, the study of the most appropriate treatment methods, and also the availability of medical services for all substance abusers to improve and follow the treatment processes are among the items that should be included in addiction prevention and treatment policies.

The aim of this study was to investigate the structural model of the role of environmental and family factors in the developmental prevention of the tendency to use drugs and psychotropic substances.

The research was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of the study included Children and adolescents in Karaj who had used drugs or psychotropic substances at least once. Among them, 250 people were selected by non-probability snowball sampling.

In the research model, the environmental factor with a coefficient equal to 0.77 and then the family factor with a coefficient equal to 0.63 had direct and significant effects on the tendency of children and adolescents to use drugs and psychotropic substances.

Environmental and family factors are effective in developmental prevention of children and adolescentschr('39') tendency to use drugs and psychotropic substances, but environmental factors have a stronger effect, so focusing on the environmental structure of communities can make preventive processes more practical.

The aim of this study was to qualitatively study the factors affecting adherence to treatment in substance-dependent individuals with methadone maintenance treatment in Isfahan.

This research was of qualitative type and thematic analysis. The statistical population included all substance-dependent individuals in addiction treatment centers with methadone in Isfahan in 2018. From this population, 10 people were selected purposively and by homogeneous method. The research tool was a semi-structured interview that contained questions related to the factors influencing adherence to treatment in under-treatment substance-dependent individuals. The collected data were analyzed using Clark and Braunchr('39')s thematic analysis method (2000).

The results indicated that the factors affecting adherence to treatment included six main categories: 1) adherence to help family factors, 2) adherence to help behavioral factors, 3) adherence to help spiritual factors, 4) adherence to help social factors, 5) adherence to help personal life improvement, and 6) adherence to help therapeutic agents.

Overall, the results show that adherence to methadone treatment occurs alongside the six mentioned important factors, and addiction therapists need to focus on strengthening the six areas for methadone treatment.

Drug use is one of the most controversial issues affecting adolescents and the youth. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to predict the tendency to drug abuse based on academic alienation, negative academic emotions, and general self-efficacy in male students.

This study was descriptive-correlational and the statistical population of the present study was all male senior high school students in Rasht in the academic year 2019-2020. Among them, 200 students were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. In this study, the Addiction Tendency Questionnaire (Weed et al., 1992), the Educational Alienation Questionnaire (Dillon & Grout, 1976), the General Self-Efficacy Scale (Schwartzer and Jerusalem, 1979), and the Achievement Emotion Questionnaire (Pekrun et al., 2005) were used.

Tendency to drug abuse had positive and significant relationships with academic alienation and negative academic emotions, and negative and significant relationship with general self-efficacy in students. Academic alienation, negative academic emotions, and general self-efficacy predicted 62% of the variance of tendency to drug abuse in students.

It can be stated that by measuring the three variables mentioned in this study, school principals can be aware of studentschr('39') tendencies to use drugs and implement the necessary management and prevention programs.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating role of religious coping styles in the relationship between religious attitudes and self-concept with addiction tendency in the students of Guilan University.

The study was a correlational design. A total of 530 students of Guilan University were selected by cluster sampling method and answered to the questionnaires of religious attitudes, coping styles, self-concept, and addiction tendency.

The results showed that the proposed structural model had a good fit and all predictor and mediator variables including positive and negative religious coping predicted 42% of the variance of addiction tendency in students, which was moderate. Positive and negative religious coping mediated the relationship between religious attitude and self-concept with addiction tendency.

Positive religious coping leads to decreased tendency to addiction by intensifying religious attitude and neutralizing the destructive role of high self-concept.

The purpose of this study was to predict readiness for substance dependence based on studentschr('39') positive psychological states in 2017-2018.

This study was a descriptive-correlational design. The statistical population was students of Amol Payame Noor University who were studying in the academic year of 2017-2018. Among them, 118 male and female students were selected through convenience sampling. The drug addiction readiness questionnaire and the positive psychological state questionnaire were used to collect data.

Statistical analysis using Pearson correlation coefficient showed that there was a significant negative relationship between readiness for substance dependence with the components of positive psychological states including trust in God (r= -0/349), conscientiousness (r= -0/252), feelings of control (r= -0/312), positive mood and happiness (r= -0/291), relaxation (r= -0/185), and forgiveness (r= -0/188). The results of regression analysis showed that among the components of positive psychological states, trust in God was the strongest predictor of readiness for substance dependence.

Based on the results of this study, it can be suggested that by strengthening positive psychological states by emphasizing trust in God, the possibility of addiction in students can be reduced.

: Addiction is one of the issues that damages family relationships and this issue will cause many psychological problems for children in the future. The purpose of this study was to compare valuation, devaluation, and family relationships between children with substance-dependent and normal parents.

The present research was descriptive and causal-comparative. The statistical population was all female elementary students of Machr('39')moulan city. 25 students with substance-dependent parents and 25 students with normal parents were selected through convenience sampling. To evaluate valuation and devaluation, and family relationships, Family Drawing Test (FDT) was used. Data were analyzed using chi-square test.

The results showed that there were significant differences between the two groups of children with substance-dependent parents and children with normal parents in the first drawn person and devaluation and the distance between parents, but there was no significant difference between them in terms of drawing the childchr('39')s distance from the parents.

Given the differences between children with substance-dependent and normal parents, the negative effects of addiction on the childchr('39')s behavior and personality should be avoided and these children should be included in early intervention programs.

The aim of this study was to investigate the individual, demographic, psychological, social, cultural, economic, and geographical factors affecting the tendency to use substances in individuals with substance dependence in Ardabil.

This research was a descriptive cross-sectional design. The statistical population of this study included all male and female substance abusers referred to public or private addiction treatment centers in Ardabil province in the first half of 2018. For this purpose, 250 people were selected by convinence sampling method. Researcher-made questionnaires were used to collect data. The descriptive statistics method was also used to achieve the research objectives.

Findings showed that individual factors (level of primary education of substance-dependent individuals and their friends, unemployment and having labor jobs, suggestion of substance use by colleagues in the workplace, starting to use by opium), family factors (rejection of the individual in family disputes, substance use to escape family problems, substance use after love failure, history of addiction among family members and improper family functioning), psychological factors (substance use for pleasure and enjoyment, substance use for curiosity, tendency to highly aggressive behaviors, inability and weakness in assertiveness and high stress in lifestyle), cultural factors (lack of membership and activity in religious groups, less adherence to religious lifestyle, ignorance of the effects and side effects of substances, socializing with bad friends, breaking the ugliness of substance use in society, advertising and negative function of the media and high use of satellite), social factors (lack of membership and activity in social groups and feeling of social deprivation), economic factors (unemployment and poor economic status, feeling of economic deprivation and poverty) and geographical factors (marginalization and high incidence of crime and addiction in the individualchr('39')s residence) contributed to the tendency to addiction in individuals with substance dependence.

According to the above results, it is necessary for officials and specialists to pay more attention to these local causes and more planning in the field of prevention.

Due to some features and extensive developments of this period, there is a possibility of high-risk behaviors by adolescents. Accordingly, recognizing high-risk behaviors and how to express them is important. The aim of this study was to identify what and how high-risk behaviors in adolescents engaged in high-risk behaviors.

The method of this research was qualitative and phenomenological, which described what and how adolescentschr('39') life experiences. The study population was 15- to 18-year-old adolescents in Sanandaj with a current and past history of high-risk behaviors. Data were collected through convenience sampling method and in-depth interviews with 14 people (8 boys and 6 girls) and were analyzed using descriptive phenomenological analysis.

The analysis of participantschr('39') experiences in the "what" section of high-risk behaviors led to the identification of two main themes (harming and norm-breaking) and five sub-themes (personal injury, family injury, social harm, legal norms and religious values) as well as in the "areas of high-risk behaviors" section led to the identification of three main themes (individual, family and social factors) and twelve sub-themes (excitement, curiosity, hedonism, courage, family turmoil, the absence of a parent, a history of risky behavior in the family, parental neglect, the role of friends, lack of motivation, limited environmental happiness and media influence).

Based on the life experiences of adolescents engaged in high-risk behaviors, a combination of several factors together causes high-risk behaviors by adolescents. This study involves important topics for counselors, teachers and officials of educational institutions and families.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of delayed discounting model of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on delayed reward discounting, impulsivity, and sensation seeking in individuals with substance use disorders.

This study was a semi-experimental research conducted in the form of pretest-posttest and follow-up stage with control group. The statistical population included patients with substance use in Sanandaj clinics in 2018-2019. Among them, 40 patients with substance use were selected through convenience sampling method and were randomly placed into the experimental and control groups (20 individuals in the experimental and 20 individuals in the control group). In this study, the monetary-choice questionnaire (Karbay et al., 1999), the Barratt impulsivity scale (Barratt et al., 1997), and the Zuckerman sensation seeking scale (Zuckerman, 1978) were used. After administering pretest, the experimental group received mindfulness-based cognitive therapy during eight ninety-minute sessions in eight weeks, while the control group received no intervention. At the end of the treatment sessions, post-test was performed in both groups. After 45 days, the follow-up test was also administered. Data were analyzed via mixed analysis of variances.

The results showed that the intervention of delayed discounting model of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy reduced delayed reward discounting, impulsivity, and sensation seeking in individuals with substance use disorders and the effects of this intervention was lasting over time.

The results of the current study showed that delayed discounting model of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy is an effective strategy to improve the symptoms of delayed reward discounting, impulsivity, and sensation seeking in patients with substance use disorders and can be used as an effective therapeutic approach.

The present research aimed to compare the effectiveness of self regulation-attachment couple therapy and systemic-behavioral couple therapy on the family function in women with substance-dependent spouse.

The present research was quasi-experimental using pretest, post-test and follow-up with control group. The statistical population was women with substance-dependent spouse referred to the special counseling center for women in the city of Sanandaj. Among them, 45 women were selected through convenience sampling and were randomly assigned into two experimental groups and one control group. The Family Assessment Device (FAD) was used to collect data. One the experimental groups received self regulation-attachment couple therapy and another experimental group received systemic-behavioral couple therapy. Data were analyzed using mixed analysis of variance.

Results showed that both approaches were effective on the family function. This effect was stable at the follow-up stage. The comparison results also showed that there were significant differences between couple therapy groups. Systemic-behavioral couple therapy was more effective in improving family function than self regulation-attachment couple therapy.

In couple relationships, systemic-behavioral therapy techniques can cover various dimensions and strongly affect relationships by affecting emotional regulation.

People with heroin abuse have many problems in executive functions such as response inhibition, organization, emotional self-regulation, attention, and memory. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of computerized cognitive rehabilitation on improving response inhibition in people with heroin abuse.

The present study was a quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design with control group. The statistical population included all people with heroin abuse in Tehran. Among them, 30 people were selected through purposive sampling and were assigned into two experimental and control groups. The research instrument was the Go/no Go computer test. Captain’s Log Cognitive Rehabilitation Program was performed for 20 sessions of 50-60 minutes and twice a week for the experimental group.

The results of covariance analysis showed that Captainchr('39')s Log cognitive rehabilitation program improved response inhibition in men with heroin abuse (p<0.001).

The results of the present study showed that the computer cognitive rehabilitation program can be used as a suitable method to improve response inhibition in men with heroin abuse and as a result leads to quit and non-relapse of heroin use.

The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy on reducing dysfunctional attitudes and cognitive misconceptions in people with methadone maintenance treatment.

This was a quasi-experimental study using pretest-posttest with a control group. From all the people referred to Roozbeh substance abuse treatment center in Kamyaran in the first half of 2018, who were under methadone maintenance treatment, a sample of 30 people were selected by convenience sampling and were randomly placed into two experimental groups (n=20) and a control group (n=10). In order to collect data, dysfunctional attitudes and cognitive errors questionnaires were used and these questionnaires were completed by the participants of all three groups in the pre-test, post-test stages. The first and second experimental groups received cognitive-behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy, respectively, in 8 sessions of 60 minutes as collectively. Data were also analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance.

The results showed that the mean scores of the dysfunctional attitude components including the need for otherschr('39') approval and the need to satisfy others as well as the components of cognitive misconceptions such as mental filter, hasty conclusion, emotional reasoning, should-better, and personalization were significantly lower in both experimental groups than the control group. Also, the mean scores of success-perfectionism, all-or-nothing thinking, overgeneralization, and inattention in the acceptance and commitment treatment group were significantly lower than the two other groups.

Acceptance and commitment therapy is more effective than cognitive-behavioral therapy in reducing dysfunctional attitudes and cognitive misconceptions.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between cognitive emotion and regulation addiction tendency with the mediating roles of loneliness and early maladaptive schemas among students.

The present study was descriptive-correlational and structural equations. The statistical population included all students in master degree in Islamic Azad University of Zanjan in the academic year of 2017-2018 that 300 people were selected by stratified random sampling. To collect data, Garnefski, Kraaij and Spinhoven cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (2001), Weed and Butcherchr('39')s addiction potential scale (1992), Ditommasso, Brannen and Bestchr('39')s social and emotional loneliness scale (2004), and the Young schema questionnaire-short (1998) were used. The proposed model was evaluated using structural equation modeling using SPSS 25 and PLS software.

The suggested model had an appropriate fit. Adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and early maladaptive schemas had no significant direct effects on addiction tendency, while maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and loneliness had. Loneliness and early maladaptive schemas mediated the relationship between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and addiction tendency, while early maladaptive schemas did not mediate the relationship between adaptive emotion regulation strategies and addiction tendency.

The results of the present study, in addition to explaining the interpersonal factors affecting the tendency to addiction among students, can be useful as a suitable model for designing addiction prevention programs among students and the youth.

Personality and emotional constructs play a central role in relapse to substance use. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the Relationship between behavioral brain systems in relapse to substance use with mediating role of emotion dysregulation.

Using a correlational design, 300 individuals using stimulants referring to the addiction treatment centers of Karaj were selected and completed the scale of relapse to substance use, Jackson’s five factor questionnaire, and the emotion dysregulation scale-short form.

The results showed that behavioral activation system (BAS) (t=3.535), behavioral inhibition system (BIS)(t=2.363), and fight-flight-freeze system (FFFS) (t=2.02) had direct effects on relapse to substance use. In addition, emotion dysregulation mediated the relationship between BAS (t=2.514) and relapse to substance use (t=5.453), while it did not mediate the relationships between BIS (0.559) and FFFS (t=0.172) with relapse to substance use. Despite lack of significance of some paths, the model had an acceptable fit.

According to the significant effects of behavioral brain systems on relapse to substance use through emotion dysregulation as well as the biological basis of personality and emotion regulation strategies, addiction specialists can reduce the rate of relapse to substance use.