مجله علمی شیلات ایران
سال بیست و نهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 119، امرداد و شهریور 1399)

In this study, the effect of experimental diets containing different levels of carbohydrate and niacin on growth indices, carcass composition and heamolymph biochemical parameters of juvenile whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) were investigated for 45 days. Shrimp with mean initial weight of 5±0.33 g were reared in 300 liter tanks with 8 treatments. Feeding was performed 4 times a day using experimental diets containing two levels of carbohydrate 15 and 30% and three levels of dietary niacin 100, 150 and 200 mg kg-1with two controls. At the end of the period, growth indices, carcass composition and biochemical indices of heamolymph of shrimps were assessed. The best growth performance consisted of the highest final weight (14.05±0.5 g), final length (13.38 ± 0.05 cm) and specific growth rate (2.23±0.07) were in treatment contained 15% carbohydrate and 100 mg niacin kg-1 diet (p<0.05). Also, the highest glucose (53.66±0.88 mg dl-1), HDL (27±0.57 mg dl-1) and total protein values (10.9 ± 0.17 mg dl-1) were in  treatment contained 15% carbohydrate and 100 mg niacin kg-1 diet (p<0.05). On the other hand, the highest protein content of carcass was observed in treatments contained 15% carbohydrate and 100-150 mg niacin kg-1 diet (p<0.05). Also, fat of carcass was reduced by decreasing dietary carbohydrate (p<0.05). Therefore, the results showed that low carbohydrate level with 100 mg niacin per kg of diet had beneficial effects on growth, carcass composition and heamolymph of juvenile whiteleg shrimp.

Shrimp illegal fishing has caused many damages to the more than three thousand fishermen in Hormuzgan Province and also the persons who are active indirectly in the production, package, and export industries of this aquatic organism. The purpose of the present study was to represent a cultural management pattern according to the cultural policy of the reduction of illegal fishing in the coastal band of Hormuzgan province. The used method for the study was descriptive-analytical. Statistic society was consisted of fisheries experts of Hormuzgan Province. The method of data collection was based on a questionnaire as well as the study of documentation and researches. The results of the study of main criterions showed that “management and schematization” was the most important 0.277 with the weight of criterion and “cultural issues”, “notification”, “training”, “communion” and “legislation” with the weights of 0.218, 0.161, 0.142, 0.109 and 0.092 were in second to sixth grades, respectively. Investigation of secondary criterions showed that “management of illegal fishermen” with the weight of 0.1213 was in the first grade of importance and “codify of laws” with the weight of 0.0153 was less important. According to the obtained information of this study, a cultural management pattern of the reduction of illegal fishing was represented that could be used as a base for fisheries managers for the more accurate management of illegal fishing in Hormuzgan Province.

Using natural extracts, as a source of anti-microbial, to improve the quality of fish is increasing. In this study, the ethanolic extract of orange (Citrus sinensis L.) was used due to having this property. Agar dilution method was employed in order to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the ethanolic extract of orange peel on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli and Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria. The fish fillets were treated with aqueous solution of orange peel extract (5, 6 and 7% w/w) and dipped in distilled water for 30 minutes. These samples were analyzed during storage (0, 5, 10 and 15 days) for the total viable count (TVC), psychrotrophic count, coliform count. The MIC of the ethanolic extract of orange peel on the bacteria was 5%. The results of the microbial analysis indicated that the orange peel extracts reduced the growth of the bacterial counts in contrast control sample (p<0.01). The ethanol extract of orange peel as a natural preservative could increase shelf life during refrigerated storage because of having antimicrobial properties.

The objective of this study was to investigate the interaction of salinity levels on the characteristics of mucus and serum indices of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in exposure to chlorpyrifos pesticide. 250 common carp with an average weight of 20 g were distributed in four treatments each with three replicates including: salinity 0, 4, 8 and 12 ppt and were distributed for 7 days. Then one group was placed for 4 days in exposure to pesticide with an acute concentration of 150 ppm and the second group was placed for 7 days in the with sub-acute concentration of 15 ppm. The results showed that salinity stress has lethal effects with severe and adverse physiological toxicity on common carp. The results of a study of mucus and serum biochemical indices showed that ALT enzyme had significant effect on serum ALT, serum and mucus lysosomes, serum albumin and serum glucose (p<0.05). Eventually it was shown that salinity and pesticide stress have a detrimental effect on vital activities, biochemical indices, liver enzymes and immune system of common carp.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Zingiber officinale extract (ZE) on digestive enzyme activity (chymotrypsin, trypsin, protease, amylase, and lipase) and some biochemical parameters (alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLU) and lysozyme) of Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp. A total of 600 post larvae shrimps (initial weight, 1.06±0.7 g) were randomly distributed into 12 fiberglass tanks representing four treatments at a rate of 50 shrimp in each tank. The control shrimp group (ZE0) was fed a ZE free basal diet. Other groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.5 (ZE 0.5), 1.0 (ZE1) and 1.5 (ZE 1.5) g kg-1 diet. Results revealed that activity of protease, amylase, and lipase and value of TP, ALB and GLU of the shrimp have significantly increased (p<0.05) in the ZE0.5 and ZE1groups compared with the ZE1.5 group and control group. The highest amylase (1.35± 0.5 U mg -1protein) and lipase (0.09±0 U mg-1protein) activity was observed in the ZE1 group. It can be concluded that use of Z. officinale ZE0.5 and ZE1 kg-1diets could suggest for increasing digestive enzyme activity and some biochemical parameters of L. vannamei.

Gammarus (Crustacea: Amphipoda) are Gammaridae family that play an important role in food chain, environmental refining of organic matter and high sensitivity to environmental contamination. Therefore, it is important to identify them. Since the identification of the genus Gammarus is very difficult due to similar morphological features, the aim of the present study was to molecular identification and investigation of the phylogenetic relationships of G. komareki from the Jajrood River, east of Tehran compared to other parts of Iran and the rest of the world. For this purpose, sampling of G. komareki species in Jajrood River was done in season from October 2013 to July 2014. Samples were collected by a small manual tour. For molecular studies, some tissue was isolated from each sample with scalpel and fixed in 95% ethyl alcohol. The DNA of the samples was then extracted using the CTAB method and the gene fragment of a mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase (COI) subunit was amplified and sequenced. After gene fragment amplification and sequencing, Neighbor Joining and Maximum Likelihood trees were plotted using MEGA7 software. The results of the present study showed that although the specimens were morphologically belonging to Gammarus komareki species reported from other parts of Iran, Molecular studies showed that the samples of the present study were divided into two categories by being placed in two different clouds. Therefore, it is possible that these specimens may belong to separate species, which needs further investigation with other genetic markers.

In recent years, the use of probiotics has been considered as an ecological preventive approach to aquaculture, because of the perilous consumption of antimicrobials for humans and the environment, the use of alternative methods is increasing. In this study, we compared the efficacy of different methods of preparation of functional food containing native probiotic Takcell® on the growth performance of juvenile western white shrimp. For this purpose, post larvae of shrimps were fed in 8 experimental treatments in two ways: probiotic Supplemented and sprayed diets at doses of 108, 107, and 106 CFU kg-1 and probiotic-free diets for 40 days in tanks. All probiotic fed- diets showed better performance in relative growth rate, specific growth rate, survival rate and feed conversion ratio compared to control groups (p<0.05). The highest activity of growth indices was observed in spray treatment at a dose of 108 CFU kg-1. There was no significant difference with complementary diets (p>0.05). The results of this study showed that functional food containing native probiotic Takcell®, regardless of doses and preparation methods, resulted in improvement of growth and survival indices in western white shrimp, and the dose of 108 and 107 CFU kg-1 had the highest effect.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of depth and soak time of Gargoors on catch per unit of effort (CPUE) for Pharaoh Cuttlefish (Sepia pharaonis (Ehrenberg, 1831)). The sampling time was February-March 2017, which was coincided with the cuttlefish fishing season operated by the Gargoor fishing vessels of Bushehr port. Randomly a total of 20 Gargoor fishing vessels were sampled. The Jackknife resampling method was used to obtain more reliable estimates. Also, the Generalized Linear Model (GLM) was used to determine the relationship between depths and soak time (explanatory variable) with catch per unit of effort (response variable). According to Jackknife resampling (similar to the results of the field observation), for 2–8 days soak times than 8–14 days soak times (545.720> 509.759) and 25–40 m depths than 10–25 m depths (536.940> 516.494) the average catch per unit of effort for Pharaoh Cuttlefish was higher. Besides, based on the above resampling, the catch per unit of effort confidence intervals for soak times of 2–8 days and 8–14 days also the depths of 10–25 m and 25–40 m were 382.671-708.768, 386.225-633.293, 347.822-685.126, and 410.345-693.535, respectively. On the other hand, the results of the generalized linear model showed that both depth and soak time of Gargoors had a significant effect on the catch per unit of effort (p<0.1); such a way that, increasing the depth and decreasing the soak time increase catch per unit of effort. However, based on field data, it is expected that if Gargoor fishing vessels with operating at depths of 25-40 meters and submerging their Gargoors within 2–8 days, they could be able to perform better CPUE for Pharaoh Cuttlefish according to the fishing effort used.

This study was carried out to study the alcoholic extract of plants Lorestan province (Allium jesdanum), Sheng (Tragopon carcifolus) and Shatrah (Fumaria parviflora) at three concentrations of 250, 500 and 750 mg/L on the chemical and microbial characteristics of the Kutum  fillets. The pH, TVB-N (total nitrogen-volatile bases), TBA (thiobarbituric acid), PV (peroxide), TMA (trimethylamine) and total viable count (TVC) on days 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 were examined. Neophytadiene in Sheng and Shatare and Di-Methyl-Tri Sulfide, in redbin extract main ingredient contained. pH, TVB-N, TBA, PV, TMA and microbial load increased with increasing storage time in all three treatments and at all concentrations of binred, Sheng and Shatare extract. The microbial load in the treatment of 250 mg/L for all three extracts was in the range (3.24-5.07 log cfu/g) and was within the allowable limit until the ninth day, but in the treatment of 750 mg/L for three was within the permissible range (7 log cfu/g) until the fifteenth day (5.29-6.22 log cfu/g). The highest antimicrobial activity was related to binred alcoholic extract, followed by Sheng and Shatreh alcoholic extracts.

The present study was conducted to examine singlular and combined effects of manan oligosacharid (MOS) and L. plantarum supplements on growth indices and hematological parameters of Caspian trout (Salmo trutta caspius Kessler, 1877). Caspian trout fingerlings (~ 10 g) were fed with a control diet (basal diet) or supplemented diets as follows: 1) the basal diet + 4g kg−1 IMOS, 2) the basal diet + -8×108 CFU/g-1  L. plantarum)  and 3) a synbiotic diets (the basal diet + 8×108 CFU/g-1  L.plantarum + 4g kg−1IMOS) for 8 weeks. At the end of this trial, the results of the MOS supplemented and synbiotic diet showed significant increase in feed conversion ratio (FCR), weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI), protein efficiency ratio (PER), specific growth ratio (SGR) and daily growth index (DGI) compared with fish fed the control diet (p<0.05). The highest FCR and FI were observed in the control group. In the case of condition factor, the singlular and combined diets showed no significant differences (p>0.05). The results of blood indices among all treatments revealed significant differences of the number of red blood cells (RBC) compared to the control group (p<0.05). The highest and lowest number of RBC was found in L. plantarum diet and control group, respectively. The number of white blood cells (WBC) showed no significant differences with control group (p>0.05). The results demonstrated that the MOS-supplemented diet and the combined diets containing MOS and L. plantarum improved the growth performance in Caspian trout fingerlings.

Iron and copper are two essential trace elements or micronutrients that play important roles in many vital biological processes, key enzymes and the immune system. In this study, the effects of feeding with different sources of iron and copper supplements on growth performance and some blood parameters of Schizothorax zarudnyi with an average weight of 23.97 ± 0.45 g were investigated. Within 60 days of study, dietary treatments were included fish fed with: 1) the basal diet without any copper and iron supplement, 2) diet containing 150 mg of mineral iron supplement per kg of diet, 3) diet containing 3 mg of mineral copper supplement per kg of diet, 4) diet containing 150 mg of mineral iron supplement and 3 mg of mineral copper supplement per kg of diet, 5) diet containing 150 mg of iron nanoparticles supplement per kg of diet, 6) diet containing 3 mg of copper nanoparticles supplement per kg of diet, 7) diet containing 150 mg of iron nanoparticles supplement and 3 mg of copper nanoparticles supplement per kg of diet. The results showed that supplementing diet with iron and copper improves the growth and blood parameters compared with the control; and iron and copper nanoparticles especially simultaneous use of them (treatment 7), act more effectively than their mineral forms; as the fish in treatment 7 showed the best growth and feeding results compared with the other treatments. Fish in treatment 7 also showed the highest values in all blood parameters and there were significant differences in hematocrit, hemoglobin and total amount of erythrocyte indices compared with the other treatments. MCV and MCH indices in treatment 7 exhibited significant difference compared with the control (P<0.05). According to the results of this study, simultaneous use of two nanoparticles of iron and copper leads to the improvement of growth and blood indices of Sistan’s loach more effectively than their separate supplementation or their mineral forms.

Lactobacillus is the most common probiotic bacteria. The aim of this study was to isolate and evaluate the probiotic properties of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) intestinal Lactobacillus and to improve the digestive tract of this fish. After preparation of 75 rainbow trout, their intestinal contents were cultured in MRS broth medium and 56 Lactobacillus colonies were identified by biochemical tests. Lactobacillus strains were identified by biochemical tests and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and their antibacterial activity, susceptibility to antibiotics, bile resistance and acidic conditions (pH=3) was evaluated. A total of six Lactobacillus strains Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus animalis, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus leishmania and Lactobacillus delbrueckii were identified. The antibacterial activity of Lactobacillus leishmania against Yersinia ruckeri was significantly (p˂0.05) higher than the antibiotic Enrofloxacin. (p˂0.05). All isolates were resistant to oxacillin and vancomycin antibiotics and were sensitive to tetracycline. Lactobacillus animalis, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii showed the highest resistance to bile (p˂0.05), respectively, and Lactobacillus acidophilus showed the highest resistance to acidic conditions. According to the results there are probiotic Lactobacillus in the rainbow trout digestive tract, and among them Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus delbrueckii have better probiotic properties.

Anzali wetland is the most important intermediate ecosystem in the Caspian sea catchment area and plays an important role in refining the inputs of rivers in this area and acts as a natural filter. In this study, the overall microbial load and bacteria of Yersinia enterocolitica and Listeria monocytogenes and its relationship with pH and EC of water were investigated. Surface layer sampling was performed from autumn 2018 to summer 2019 using standard water sampling methods. The highest logarithmic mean of the total bacterial count was 5.513/ ml at Ali Abad station in summer and the lowest logarithmic mean of the total bacterial count was 3.914/ ml at Abknar station in autumn and above standard. The rate of contamination of different wetlands to Yersinia enterocolitica and Listeria monocytogenes using specific media was 41% and 50% respectively and in the PCR method with specific primer pairs, were 35.7% and 42.8% respectively. The highest pH in Sangachin station was 8.86 and the highest EC was 1050μs / cm in Talebabad station. Duncan test showed a significant difference at most stations with the percentage of specific cultures, pH and EC factors and the logarithmic mean of total bacterial count (p<0.05). Also, using Duncanchr('39')s test in the PCR method, Listeria monocytogenes in autumn were statistically significantly different from other seasons (p<0.05) and Yersinia enterocolitica was statistically significant in autumn and summer (p<0.05). Elevated water temperatures, urban population growth around wetlands, and sewage entry are major causes of increased the level of pollution in Anzali wetland and its transmission through the food cycle and indicates the risk of pathogenicity.

Herring is one of the very good detectors for assessing the health and condition of coral reefs and shores in marine waters. The purpose of this study was to investigate the diversity and distribution of Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea in the lower and middle tidal zones of the Persian Gulf coastlines in the area of Bushehr province (Air Force stations, Bandar Rostami, North and South Utah). Sampling from April to March 2017 was performed quarterly in 4 turns and by Quadrat (one meter per meter) and in two transects perpendicular to the sea (width 30 meters) and with an approximate distance of 100 meters. A total of 184 individuals, 7 species including 4 species of starfish, 3 species of fragile star belonging to Astropectinidae (Astropecten polyacanthus phragmorus and Astropecten monacanthus), Asterinidae (Aquilonastra iranica species), Ophidiasteridae (species Linckia multiflora) ,Ophiotrichidae (Ophiothrix sp.) and Ophiocomidae (Ophiocoma  scolopendrina and Ophiocoma sp.) collected. The most frequent species of Ophiothrix sp .Lowercase the least frequent was the Linckia multiflora . Species habitat werer as Astropecten polyacanthus phragmorus tropical sandy beaches, Astropecten monacanthus tidal sandy beaches, Aquilonastra iranica, tidal cliffs and Linckia multiflora, Ophiothrix sp., Ophiocoma scolopendrina species, and Ophiocoma sp. The rocky-coral beds. 90.54% of species had cluster distribution while, while other species had a uniform distribution. The results of Shannon species diversity indices H chr(chr('39')39chr('39'))= 1.7672 and Oz = 0.8754 = Jchr(chr('39')39chr('39')) indicated the relative uniformity and uniformity of stars and fragile stars on the coasts of the Persian Gulf in Bushehr province.

The present study, investigated the effect of delayed ice storage on the quality and shelf-life of Jinga shrimp (Metapenaeus affinis) during a period of 18 days. Freshly captured shrimps were divided into three groups. The first group was kept in ice immediately, while the second and third groups were mixed and covered with ice one hour, and two hours after capture respectively. The shelf-life of each group was determined using microbial (total number of mesophilic and psychrophilic bacteria), chemical (pH, Total Volatile Bases Nitrogen ‘TVB-N’ and Thiobarbituric Acid ‘TBA’) and sensory indices. The results of microbial counts showed that the least bacterial growth occurred in the first group, preserved in ice immediately after the catch (P < 0.05). Among the chemical parameters the highest increase in pH, TVB-N and TBA was observed in the third group, preserved in ice with two hours delay. The outcome of the sensory evaluation revealed that the shelf-life of the first group of shrimps constantly stored in ice was 12 days while those of the second and third groups kept in ice with one and two hours delay after capture decreased to 10 and 8 days respectively. In most days of this study, there was a high correlation between sensory, microbial and chemical indices. The results of sensorial, microbial and chemical tests of the treatments indicate that every hour of time-lag in ice-storage of freshly captured Jinga shrimp will reduce its shelf-life by about two days compared to the samples iced immediately after catch.

In this study, gonad structure and oogenesis of ghost crab were studied based on macroscopic and microscopic analyses from January 2016 to February 2017. Female crabs were collected from sandy beach of Salahk port, Qeshm Island, monthly. In the laboratory, the crabs’ ovaries were dissected and prepared for histology. Based on external and morphological features, gonad developmental stages were investigated and afterwards each stage was microscopically described. According to the results, six ovarian developmental stages were recognized including: stage I: immature, stage II: rudimentary, stage III: developing, stage IV: intermediate, stage V: advanced, stage VI: spent. During oogenesis, the number of oocytes in secondary growth increased in the ovaries which was associated with a change in coloration and increase in the gonad volume. Oocytes growth process was classified in six stages: early primary growth, late primary growth, early secondary growth, mid-secondary growth, late secondary growth, and full-growth. According to results, shaping of perinuclear yolk complex observed just in late primary growth stage. Furthermore, starting of second growth was simultaneous to appearing of yolk globules in ooplasm. Also, most of oocytes were visible as light pink in full-Grown stage.

Bleaching phenomenon was observed in coral communities by Coral Watch method and Photo-transect in Hendorabi Island in Sep.2016.Coral health indices were estimated E1 (complete whitening), E6 (Complete health)and E4 (whitish) for Acropora spp., Hydnophora spp. And Hydnophora spp., also temperature was measured 33.1 ° C around coral colonies. The results of this study showed that the colonies of branching corals are completely whitened, but massive corals can withstand environmental temperature stresses, although some of them have an E4 index and, it is more critical to assume that these species can not relieve themselves of environmental temperature stresses. Since the coral ecosystem, especially the branching coral, has ecological and fishery value for the ornamental fish and larvae of some commercial fish, so health monitoring of the corals is recommended in order to environmental management.

The importance of fish nutrient value is a known fact. Fresh fish meat is a high protein food source (around 20% protein) which is enriched with beneficial minerals and fatty acids, all being essential for human health. Fish meat also has more water and less fat in comparison with red and bird meat. The purpose of this research is to study the changes in fish retail price relative to changes in minimum wage in Iran during 2001-2009. The results show that as the price of fish has had more increase compared to the minimum wage, people’s purchasing power has declined and fish has become a luxury food for certain groups of the population