مجله دانش تفسیر سیاسی
پیاپی 4 (تابستان 1399)

The purpose of this article is to examine what political development is and the basic issues associated with it. In general, the reason for the attention of the present study to the political dimension of development is due to the fundamental role of this dimension in the formation of other dimensions of development. The main question of the article is what does political development mean and what are the principles and characteristics of each of them? The answer of the article is that development means providing the necessary grounds for the emergence and emergence of the capacities of various elements of society and finding a field for them to achieve progress and increase quantitative and qualitative capabilities in the heart of society. In the field of development, there are several schools and strategies , which include schools of modernization, dependence and the global system, and strategies of exogenous development , exogenous development, balanced development, and so on. Development has political, economic dimensions, It is social and cultural, whose political dimension means the increasing process of capacity of governmental and non-governmental political institutions in response to the demands of society in terms of participation in political processes . Political development has characteristics such as: democratic political structure, dynamic civil society, etc. and has a fundamental role in shaping other dimensions of development. This article is a descriptive-analytical method

Convergence and divergence of subject matter in the field of international relations, in the meantime, security and defense policy of the Union for Europe of the United States of America under Obama and Trump in the years 2008-2020 for the areas of convergence and divergence between the two political units has provided . Mutual security, cultural profile and economic integration are key components of the convergence of the United States and the European Union. In contrast, Russia's efforts to move closer to the eastern part of the European Union and to weaken the transatlantic alliance are the most important cause of divergence between the United States and the European Union. The above factors raise the question of what are the factors of convergence and divergence in the political-security relations of the United States and the European Union (2008-2020)? In response to this question, it was hypothesized that since سال since We are witnessing convergence in US-EU relations in areas such as human rights, terrorism, Iran, and the emphasis on the transatlantic alliance and divergence, with emphasis on endangering US hegemony due to Russia's convergence with the EU.

Every society needs qualified managers to advance its goals. In the Islamic Republic, in order to implement the laws to advance the goals, especially in the second step of the revolution, managers must come to power to accelerate this and carry out the orders of the Supreme Leader. According to a model that this article tries to compile based on Nahj al-Balaghah. Descriptive-analytical research seeks to answer the question: what are the characteristics of a revolutionary leader in the system of the Islamic Republic of Iran based on the teachings of Nahj al-Balaghah? Findings show that in the second step of the Islamic Revolution and with the coming to power of the new generation of managers, their revolutionary nature and emphasis on the pattern of behavior in accordance with the teachings of Nahj al-Balaghah, including piety, humility, simplicity, courage And determination, expertise and commitment, justice can accelerate the achievement of the system to its lofty goals

Coexistence is an issue that has always existed throughout history, and human beings have always sought to find ways and means of living peacefully together. In past societies, the diversity of cultures, languages, ethnicities, as well as other elements of social life was less, and tolerating each other's differences and beliefs was not an important issue; But with the growth and expansion of communication in all fields, on the one hand, cultural, ethnic, linguistic and religious diversity has increased, and on the other hand, the amount of interactions and attitudes of individuals has doubled. Therefore, tolerating the beliefs, customs and cultures of other groups will be of great importance. The present study has been done with a descriptive and analytical approach with a documentary-library method and the results show that political, social and moral-behavioral tolerance are the most important in society. The relationship between religiosity and social tolerance has also been examined.

In the economic literature, the study of the causes of economic growth has a special place and has attracted the attention of many economists and in this regard has been a large volume of studies. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between economic and non-economic indicators with economic growth in Iran in the period 1350 to 1398. In this study, the variable of GDP (without oil) as a dependent variable and one of the variables; The broad definition of money, entrepreneurship, labor productivity, knowledge-based economics, capital efficiency, trade liberalization, exchange rates, and the consumer economy have been used as explanatory variables , using the ARDL statistical analysis method to answer the question of whether Korea's economic development policies South can be implemented in Iran or Not? The results showed that except for consumer economics (CE) which has a negative relationship with economic growth , other variables including: broad definition of money (M3), investment efficiency index (ICOR), labor productivity (LP), entrepreneurship (EN), rates Currency (IR), Trade Liberalization (IIT) and Knowledge-Based Economy (KBE) have a positive and significant impact on economic growth

With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the independence of the Commonwealth, Iran became one of the main centers of relations with these countries. Iran is currently the junction of the Central Asian republics with the open waters of the Persian Gulf and the most suitable land connection route with the Caucasus and Turkey. Territorial cohesion, geopolitical needs and Iran's position as a bridge and limitations of water borders and the enclosure of Turkmenistan have created suitable cooperation areas between Iran and Turkmenistan. For Iran, Turkmenistan is also a gateway to Central Asia. With the declaration of Turkmenistan's independence, the Islamic Republic of Iran was one of the first countries to recognize Turkmenistan and to establish an embassy in the capital. The two countries have a common history of more than a thousand years.This article seeks to answer the question of what are the areas of cooperation between Iran and Turkmenistan by descriptive-analytical method and collected by library method? The research findings show that considering the historical background and neighborhood of Iran and Turkmenistan, they can cooperate with each other in the fields of culture, economy and security and form convergence.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948. This Declaration contains a list of the special and inalienable rights of all human beings. In 2006, the United Nations Human Rights Council was established. This article aims to examine the human rights situation in Saudi Arabia since its inception in 1932. The article is an analytical-descriptive method and collected with library documents that seeks to answer the question: What is the performance of the Saudi political system in relation to the first to third generation of human rights ? To examine the issue while addressing the fundamentals of human rights and considering the division of three generations of human rights, the performance of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia will be analyzed in accordance with three generations of human rights . Research findings show that Saudi Arabia's performance is consistent The provisions of three generations of human rights in domestic and foreign policy, including the maximum political participation of different strata , minority rights, women's rights, class gap, freedom of speech and press, as well as foreign policy behavior such as support and military aggression against other countries in human rights violations . It has also been criticized by international bodies.

In societies that are culturally diverse and heterogeneous, ethnicities have been an important component and driving force of social change. One of the most important developments is the intensification of ethnicity within the borders of a country, which can have various political, security and social consequences . In the meantime, policies for management in heterogeneous societies have been considered and the present article , understanding such importance, tries to address the factors of emergence and intensification of ethnicity and its management patterns . From this point of view, the aim of the research is to obtain a clear answer to this question. What are the causes and intensification of ethnicity and its management patterns? The present study tries to combine a descriptive and analytical approach and a collection with a library method to analyze the escalation of ethnicity. He will deal with the four theories of modernization, internal colonialism, weak relations and relative deprivation, and in the field of management, he will deal with patterns of assimilation, pluralism and integration.