نشریه هوزان
سال چهارم شماره 1 (2020)

Bioterrorism involves the deliberate use of microbial pathogens or microbe-derived products to cause harm to humans, livestock, or agricultural crops. Dilution of contaminated water with bioterrorism agents, physical and addition of chemicals (hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, sodium hydroxide and ozone), water treatment methods (coagulation/flocculation, sand filtration and activated carbon), reverse osmosis and UV and gamma radiation are methods for control of contaminated water by bioterrorism agents. Methods such as reverse osmosis (RO) that can remove protozoan cysts, bacteria, viruses, and biotoxins, or UV and gamma radiation that inactivate Bacillus spores are also suggested for this purpose. Because cryptosporidium oocysts are not effectively inactivated by disinfectants, their removal from water requires proper sand filtration. Early warning systems include physical analysis (online pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen or turbidity probes) and chemical analysis (various online analytical probes for measuring anions, cations, chlorophyll-specific metals and organic compounds) are available that can be used depending on the type of contaminant. Molecular methods for the detection of human pathogens and parasites, online biomarkers for the detection of chemical toxins, biotoxin concentrations and bioterrorism agents are preferred methods.

High concentrations of respirable airborne particles can increase the risk of lung disease and consequent deaths in people exposed to it. The purpose of this study was to determine the respirable particulate matter (PM) concentration in bakeries in Saveh.

This study done as a cross-sectional descriptive study. 25 air samples were collected by means of cyclone and paper filter equipped by air sampling pump. The respirable particulate matter concertation was measured by gravimetric method. The obtained data managed by SPSS 16 software and analyzed using suitable statistics tests (mean±Stdv., regression etc.,)..

The results show Lavash bakery has the highest PM concentration (9.15 mg/m3) in comparison with two others (Sangak and Barbari).

This study revealed the density of respirable PM had high level and the workers in Saveh bakeries are exposed to a dangerous level of PM, and inhale a high level of PM in all bakeries in Saveh.

Primary sources of biofuels include wood waste, agricultural waste, sugarcane, sugar beet, cereals, vegetable oils and vegetables. Improper use of fossil fuels and adverse biological effects such as global warming, acid rain, greenhouse gases and air pollution, as well as the non-renewable nature of these resources, have led countries to use reliable, renewable and non-polluting energy sources as biofuels. Types of biofuels are divided in liquid, solid and gas (base on physical state) and first, second, third and fourth generations (base on primary substances). Biofuels for commercial and industrial applications can be a suitable and effective way to grow the bioeconomy. The use of biofuels helps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, reduce environmental pollution, improvement of agriculture ecosystem, create jobs, improve rural areas, and improve the balance of trade, and so on.  Biofuels can be used as fuel for vehicles, but diesel vehicles are commonly used as a diesel supplement to reduce particulate matter, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. The use of biofuels in Iran requires an obligation to use it and its acceptance by the consumer.

Food safety is critical to prevent the diseases and protects the foods from environment contaminations. The aim of this study was to determie the knowledge and attitude of Lorestan University of medical sciences students about food and safety in 2016.

This cross-sectional study was performed on 300 students studding different majors in Lorestan University of medical sciences. Samples were selected by random sampling. Data was collected through a questionnaire consisting of three sections including personal information, knowledge and attitude towards food sanitation and safety. The data was then analyzed using SPSS software.

The results showed that 58% of the students had good knowledge and 42% had average knowledge about health and food safety. The students had also good attitude towards health and food safety. There was a significant difference between student knowledge of different faculties (p<0.05). The highest level of knowledge was obtained in medical, nursing and midwifery, pharmacies, paramedics, health and dentistry students, respectively. There was no significant difference between knowledge and education level (p> 0.05). However, there was a significant difference in knowledge of the students at age level of less than 21 years and older than 25 years old, but there was no significant difference between the age group of 21 and 21 to 24 years old. Also, there was no significant difference between knowledge with sex (p> 0.05).

Awareness towards hygiene and food safety is an important issue. Although, the students in this study had a fairly good knowledge, but, the necessity of enhancing their awareness to food hygiene issues through public education and courses is recommended.