نشریه مدیریت محیط زیست و توسعه پایدار
سال چهارم شماره 2 (پیاپی 10، پاییز و زمستان 1399)

Environmental, socio‐economic, and political factors affect tourism marketing. Changes in any of the elements can be significant as an opportunity or threat to tourism marketing planning. This study investigates the effects of global warming on Iran’s water bodies and its effects on tourism marketing. The present study reviews library studies and examines the importance of environmental factors in the tourism industry while examining marketing issues. In this study, a review of tourism marketing was first carried out to examine the effects of global warming on water bodies and the effects of tourism on climate change. Previous studies show that global warming on the country’s coast may create an unpleasant experience for tourists. On the other hand, at the local level, tourism is a significant factor in climate change because mobility and activity during the holidays increase the level of carbon emissions. Coral reefs and beaches have become extinct due to climate change. Experts believe that environmental damage is one of the reasons behind this outcome. In general, tourism suffers from climate change because it causes disruption, damage to infrastructure, and even death. Tourism marketing requires local and international collaboration so that businesses and individuals can adapt to these changes. The tourism industry must take the required measures to protect natural resources.

Soil pollution has become a major threat to food safety, human health, and ecological safety. A series of soil contamination events such as poisoned rice, cadmium contaminated rice, land poisoning and lead poisoning have led to social instability and even public panic in some areas. Soil pollution management faces huge challenges and problems such as lack of rules and regulations, ambiguity of responsibility, lack of accountability, and poor management ability. The first task to meet the challenge of soil pollution is to prepare the soil law to provide the legal basis for soil environment management and soil pollution management. To manage soil pollution and to meet current and future needs, soil pollution management requires the creation of an integrated standard system of soil environment based on the basic design principles of protection of human health and ecological safety. Pollution management mainly involves two important issues: creating a clear system of responsibility that determines the responsibility of cleaning up contaminated sites, and establishing a fund dedicated to these areas. Soil pollution management requires a multifaceted, organized, and long-term effort. The enactment of soil law can only meet the basic need to strengthen or improve soil pollution management. Soil law cannot solve all problems. Therefore, it is important and necessary to improve effective mechanisms for soil pollution management, although to date, emphasis has been placed on research, classification, risk assessment, and remediation of contaminated sites.
 

In the long list of possible problems caused by global warming, the hazards in agriculture are among the most important. In general, developing countries suffer more from the effects of global warming on agriculture than industrialized countries. This study aimed to compare the global warming potential of the three crops, corn, wheat, and soybeans, to show that agriculture is a good reason for addressing the risks of global warming. In developing countries, agriculture has a larger share of the economy than industrial economies. Industrial agriculture is a significant emitter of methane and nitrous oxide, each of which has a more destabilizing effect on the climate than carbon dioxide. Agriculture is the leading cause of deforestation. Corn, wheat, and soybean producers clear or burn forests. Deforestation releases enough carbon into the atmosphere. The area under corn cultivation in Iran is about 60,000 hectares.
In some areas, such as Khuzestan, corn can be grown twice a year. In the crop year 2020, more than six million hectares of the country’s agricultural lands have been planted with wheat. In 2020, the area under soybean cultivation was 86,500 hectares. Cultivation has been done in the four provinces, Golestan, Mazandaran, Lorestan, and Ardabil. For development purposes, the experimental cultivation of the crop has commenced in ten other provinces, including Fars, Chaharmahal, Khuzestan, Guilan, Isfahan, North Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi, Qazvin, Tehran, and Zanjan. The literature review results show that increasing photosynthesis in many important crops, the so-called 3C (e.g., wheat, rice, and soybeans), helps agriculture. However, the knowledge about the benefits of carbon fertilization is not entirely conclusive. Nevertheless, we know that this phenomenon does not substantially help 4C products (e.g., sugarcane and corn). Therefore, laws and regulations related to carbon emissions in industrial, agricultural operations should be enacted.

Agriculture has become the primary source of water pollution. Unsustainable agriculture is a severe problem for water quality. Changing agricultural policies toward sustainable growth is imperative, which will lead to the development of many new techniques and methods of integrated resource management to eliminate agricultural pollution. Soil is a limited resource that must be well managed to meet current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Harvesting agricultural soil for sale is a crime. This study aims to identify the main hazards on the farm and provide simple, practical solutions for use on the farm. The results of the research are based on the suggestions of farmers and experts in the literature. The results show that soil loss, either through mineral imbalance or erosion, is the greatest threat to agricultural productivity. Soil erosion by wind and water is the primary process of surface soil loss. Proper management measures can reduce soil losses, increase soil organic matter, improve soil physical properties, and conserve water resources.

Many standard agricultural practices pose a potential risk to the environment. This rate could increase in the presence of poor performance standards. Most pollution cases are because of the existence of agricultural effluents, which in addition to causing soil salinity, contain chemical fertilizers and cause chemical poisoning in wildlife. The present study aimed to provide methods for farmers to reduce these effects. The literature review results show that all pesticides should be used under their label conditions, and farmers should be aware of legal cases of non-compliance in usage. A program should also be implemented to promote the best use and minimize the environmental impact of pesticides, during which a wide range of cases should be provided for guidance and best practices. Agricultural subsurface drainage to collect excess water is wastewater that is likely to impact wetlands and wildlife populations severely. Extensive poisoning of migratory birds occurs by drainage water contaminants, and the population of waterfowl is threatened on their flight paths. Therefore, changes must be made in irrigation practices in favor of agriculture and wildlife because subsurface drainage irrigation is another significant threat to wildlife.

There are many things on the farm to improve waste management and reduce resource consumption. This research aims to identify the existing cases and how to manage them. The research is a library study in which the subject literature has been reviewed. The research results show that farm management at first requires the development of rules and regulations, and in the next step, farmers are required to comply with those rules and regulations. The proposed waste management approach is 1) avoidance, 2) reduction, 3) reuse, and 4) recycling. Among the items studied in the research are pesticides and chemical fertilizers for sewage sludge, crop residue, waste, packaging materials, hydraulic oils, and water consumption. Among the things that farmers must observe is to reduce the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers and not to use non-standard sewage sludge. They should also refrain from burying waste in agricultural lands. The remaining containers of pesticides must be collected and recycled. Hydraulic oils should only be burned in special machines. Packaging should be done using biodegradable containers. Also, prohibited pesticides should not be used because of their environmental hazards to humans and wildlife.

Everyone who uses or works with pesticides should understand the requirements, instructions, and guidelines for pesticide control in agriculture. Affixed labels should always be read before using pesticides. This study aims to investigate how to manage the use of pesticides in agricultural fields. The results of the literature review show that farmers are not allowed to possess and use unauthorized pesticides. Also, even if pesticides are used regularly, farmers should consult with relevant organizations. Farmers and other professional users should use pesticide storage instructions. Farm boundaries are a sensitive habitat. Pesticides entering hedges or pits can damage wildlife. Wet habitats such as swamps and pastures are also susceptible to pesticides and herbicides. Even small amounts of toxic material can cause water pollution. Observance of groundwater regulations is also a management method. Many municipal sewage systems are unable to dispose of all pesticide waste. Utilizing biobeds can minimize the risk of water pollution caused by pesticide activities. Conditions are not suitable for spraying in cases where the wind speed is more than 4 to 6 miles per hour or 6.5 to 9.6 kilometers per hour. In the field, mixing and filling sprayer equipment should be done at a distance of at least 10 meters from water sources and at least 50 meters from springs, wells, and boreholes. In addition, any spills in ducts or drains should be avoided in the field.