فصلنامه جغرافیا
پیاپی 65 (تابستان 1399)

Today, climate change poses an environmental challenge to climate scientists, environmentalists, and politicians and governments. Whatever the scientific and theoretical view of climate change, even as a given phenomenon, one must be concerned about this. Because taking precautionary measures will make us safer than possible harm. In this regard, this study aimed to reveal the effect of climate change on dryland wheat calendar (Chamran cultivar) as a cultivated species in Khuzestan province. Precipitation data, minimum and maximum temperatures were sorted during the 1980–2010 climate. And after normalizing the data into the LARS-WG software environment .And its output was simulated by the LARS-WG model under the A2 emission scenario for the 2015-2045 climate period for the four parameters of minimum temperature, maximum temperature, radiation and precipitation. HADGCM2 model data from MarkSim output is also used for the next period (2030-2015) and (2030-2045). The results of this study showed that in the two 15-year periods 2015 to 2030 and 2030 to 2045 the minimum and maximum temperatures will increase according to all pessimistic and optimistic scenarios. This increase in March to April coincides with the harvest period more than other months. Precipitation in January, December and March will decrease in all scenarios. This decline will be more noticeable especially in the forecast period of 2015 to 2030 than in the forecast period of 2030 to 2045. In contrast, in November, February and April there will be an upward trend in all scenarios. Based on the combination of the two elements of temperature and precipitation predicted for the next two periods, all planting periods will have a harvest of 10 to 15 days.

Smart urban mobility has become increasingly controversial in recent years, not only in academic literature but also in urban policies and strategies. However, in many cities around the world and in our country, Iran, smart urban mobility and mobility have been associated with problems such as lack of citizen participation and inequality due to inefficient urban management. Therefore, in the present study, an attempt has been made to evaluate and explain the indicators of mobility and mobility indicators (including transportation infrastructure, public transportation, sustainable transportation, information and communication technology) and the social dimensions of these infrastructures, including the level of citizen participation. Use of these infrastructures) and the relationship between these indicators and sustainable development of Shiraz city should be discussed. and analyze the framework of mobility and transportation of smart transportation for Shiraz. The results show that the mobility and displacement variables are in poor condition based on different dimensions of access, sustainable transport as well as ICT. Different indices of each of these dimensions point to the same issue, as its level of evaluation (significance level less than 0.05 and average lower than the criterion) points to their undesirability from the point of view citizens. The study of the impact of smart mobility indicators on sustainable development also shows that smart mobility indicators account for 26% of the total variance of sustainable development. On this basis, it should be noted that the mobility variable does not have an appropriate position in Shiraz, and this has not only affected its development process in recent decades, but also poses many challenges for its future development. The growing trend of the population and on the other hand the various social and cultural features as well as tourism are evolving in such a way that it requires a major focus on a systematic transportation based on smart city approach.

Rural industries because of create employment, increased income and reduce poverty in rural society, especially in societies that of great importance the agricultural economy prevails. Biological problems and difficulties, income disparity and standard of living between urban and rural communities, rural-urban migration of important factors, many of planners to adopt new strategies especially rural development forced industrialize villages. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of industrial towns in the economic sustainability rural areas in county is Cheram elghechin township. Present study is an applied research descriptive-analytic method is used. Data collecting was also track library by in the form likert spectrum questionnaire design and attempted to measure the performance level of the the industrial town of Periphery villages. The resulting Case Study sample size of 179 households Cochran formula and the Data analysis was been done using software Spss. The research findings show that the Wilcoxon test between economic and environmental variables there is a significant the relationship.

The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the relative poverty line based on the method of 50 and 66 percent of the average urban and rural household expenditures in province Fourth-halal buccaria with indicators of poverty and severity of poverty during 2011-2016 Research method of "descriptive-analytic" pape. According to the income distribution survey conducted in the last year of the study (2016) Ten percent of the richest population than ten percent of the poorest population In urban and rural areas of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, 6.68 and 8. 24 respectively The figures for the country are 7 and 8.53%, respectively. Figures show that Distribution of income in urban society Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province Towards the urban community of the country and the Provincial rural community is in a better position. For calculating the relative poverty line based on the 50% and 66% median cost methodology by Indicators of poverty and poverty and severity of poverty have been used, By comparing the impact of poverty and the severity of poverty is specifying that if Impact of poverty (percentage of people below the poverty line) had Little change but Due to the increasing severity of poverty for urban areas from 2011 until 2016 By the 66% median cost method fram/1288 to /3523 Ie 2.72 times has been higher and For rural areas from 2011 to 2016 By the 66% median expense method from /1013 to /2788 le 2/75 has been higher. 

Syria is one of the countries that has a particular geopolitical and geo-strategic importance in Russian Middle East policy. Today, with the emergence of the political crisis in Syria, this country has become a geopolitical divide and rivalry between the two countries, the US and Russia, each playing a role in their own interests and goals.The main question of the present research is that the reasons for Syria's strategic importance in Russia's opposition to the United States? And why does Russia support Bashar al-Assad? The main hypothesis of the study is that in the US and Russia's competitions, Syria is the last winner of Moscow to maintain its regional power and stay in the major powers' jirga; therefore, Assad's defeat and overthrow of power decline in Moscow It leaves. According to the geopolitical position of Syria in the region and its strategic importance in international equations, Moscow is trying to preserve the Syrian political system by using various instruments (political, military, ...), play the most role in the future of Syria;In order to maintain the overall structure and order in the region, and to prevent the spread of Western interference and influence, especially in the United States. The preceeding article is formulated using a descriptive-analytic method and within the framework of an invasive realism theory.

Urban space is involved with social strategies and this has made it a social phenomenon more than its physical aspects. In this regard, planning and design of people-oriented urban spaces has been traceable from the viewpoints of experts in this field since the beginning of urban planning knowledge. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the desirability of Zanjan Sabze Meydan pedestrian way from the perspective of unification between people and space and determining the factors affecting the desirability presentation of Zanjan Sabze Meydan pedestrian way. The research method is descriptive and analytical and has been done through library and survey studies. The statistical sample of the study consisted of 120 walking citizens in Zanjan Sabze Meydan pedestrian way Area. Preparation and processing of required data was done by SPSS, ArcGis and lisrel software. The results show that the most of the indicators are moving towards instability and relativity and the most important strategy for Sabze Meydan pedestrian way desirability is to create environmental well-being through the development of health and safety on Sabze Maydan pedestrian way.

The rapid growth of construction in the modern world and the acceleration of the achievement of the final product have eliminated the opportunity of thinking and reflection in the layers of this industry. The purpose of this study was to investigate and evaluate the principles and guidelines of construction in Iran in relation to successful international sustainable construction systems such as Leyed and Bryme, as well as the emphasis on citizenship rights in the context of neighborhood and neighborhood rights. In order to achieve this goal, the method used in this study is of a descriptive-analytical and adaptive type with a critical approach and, in terms of its kind, is a part of applied research. The results of this study indicate that the basic principles of construction in Iran (technical, sanitary, urban, etc.) have proper basic principles, but these principles require a serious overhaul regarding the changes to It has emerged in terms of environmental and urban conditions in Iran and also due to new scientific advances and the growing importance of sustainable development issues around the world. 

Various indicators are used to measure the level of development, changes and developments of the rural development process and with the aim of planning and evaluating rural development plans. One of the important indicators for measuring rural development programs is the use of Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI) indicators. This index is widely used to measure or compare the level of development between different regions due to its simplicity and usability. In this study, using the natural indicators of quality of life in Morris and Calpine, the level of rural development of the country has been studied. In this research, with a positivist and positivist approach that has a practical nature and emphasizes on quantitative methods, the aim of the research, which is to measure the level of rural development in Iran, was pursued. Research data were collected from sources such as the Statistics Center of Iran, data from the Ministry of Health and statistical yearbooks of the provinces. Were compared with each other. The results showed that the level of development of the country's villages are different in terms of natural indicators of quality of life. The central provinces of the country in terms of the coefficient of this index compared to other regions of the country are at an appropriate level of rural development. While the peripheral provinces of the country are at a moderate level of development, and Sistan and Baluchestan province, which is one of the underdeveloped provinces of the country, is at the lowest level of rural development. 

Integrated urban management means adopting a holistic approach and designing mechanisms to follow the above-mentioned approach in city affairs management. The purpose of this research is to investigate the integrated urban management strategies in Ahwaz. The method used in this research is descriptive-analytical. For this purpose, firstly, using library studies, interviewing and completing the research data collection questionnaire, using the SOWT model, a solution for integrated management in Ahwaz was developed. In this regard, the establishment of integrated management of the best decision to reduce and eliminate known deficiencies Became The t-test results show that the mean of all nine components is lower than the theoretical average (3), and their difference from numerical desirability is also negatively evaluated and estimated, meaning that most subjects have chosen a low and very low option. In the meantime, the status of the organizational structure component is more inferior to the other components of the situation, and the component of the system view and power are more favorable. 

Urban livability is complex and affected by many factors. according to goals, different approaches are used to measure the livability. The purpose of this research is to analyze the role of social capital on livability of Maragheh neighborhoods. The present study consists of three stages: the study of the livability of neighborhoods, social capital Survey of neighborhoods and Finally, an assessment of the impact of social capital indicators on the level of urban livability. The number of livability indicators was 15. Social capital indicators were 5 main indicators and 39 sub-indicators. The research method has been descriptive – analytical. Data collection was field survey and the tool for data collection questionnaires. the sample size is 383. for data analysis, Multiple Regression and Geographically Weighted Regression has been used. The results show that the results of Geographically Weighted Regression has a better reliability than multivariate regression due to the nature of spatial data. The coefficient of social capital impact has been positive in most neighborhoods of the city of Maragheh. The results showed that 90 percent of the livability of Maragheh neighborhoods is estimated by social capital indicators, these results show the important and influential role of social capital on the livability of urban neighborhoods .