فصلنامه مطالعات محیطی هفت حصار
پیاپی 33 (پاییز 1399)

Coordination of education categories and activities of novice students in architectural primary design studios is indispensable and can lead to the designing ability development and transition towards professionalism and proficiency. The objective is a conceptual framework for architectural education based on the categories of architectural education and novice studentschr('39') activities in architecture primary design studios. The article used qualitative content analysis at the level of words and concepts. To formulate the framework and find the inner meaning of the attitudes and priorities of architectural education in teaching methods, architectural education, and design process. The data collection method is a documentation method; 84 references are searched many times and are related to architectural knowledge, novice, design ability, design process, and design thinking are selected. The article developed a conceptual framework of architectural education for novice students by analyzing texts, collecting internal and external scientific information, and examining the architectural design studiochr('39')s position following the extraction and inference of architectural education categories and design studio activities. After identifying the research objective and question, content analysis and interpretation was made in three stages. Coding was done by studying the common texts, words and concepts, and analysis, separation, integration, and aggregation. Education conceptual categories were formed in the architectural design studios. Educational activities were finally found to cover the categories, and the final framework of education was formulated. Content analysis and definition of categories, activities and the relationship between them were used. Via representing the data collection protocol, the analysis and coding process has contributed to the research reliability. The research findings reveal six categories using analysis, table, and form, including ability, architectural thinking, studio effectiveness, collaborative learning, media, and assessment. Each of these categories has sub-categories that designate the novice studentschr('39') design needs. Activities to enhance the needs of a novice student of architecture were found to fit and cover several categories, including six series of activities studies, building analysis, model building, sketches, various media, and expression evaluation. The design process takes place in an intricate reciprocal motion in the human mind. Inspired by expert architectschr('39') work, convergent and divergent thinking, and reflection on the design process, collaboration, and critique in the studio activities, novice students, eventually develop ideas, create a space, and generate a schema. In this way, individual abilities to construct concepts and understand the problem of design are improved.

As one of the oldest cities in Iran, Hamedan is thousands of years old. The oldest houses in Hamedan date back to the time of the Ashkaneniads. Archeological excavations discovered in the 1990s, the remnants of these houses in Hegmataneh hill. Houses belonging to the era before the Qajar dynasty are rare in Hamedan. However, there are plenty of architectural structures belonging to the Qajar era, including homes. This study is an applied study with diverse nature, employing both qualitative and quantitative methods. It delves into the climate of Hamedan based on the climatic records from 1976 to 2015. Following this, the research selected 33 historic houses in Hamedan with full information, and documents for structural analysis of houseschr('39') common physical characteristics based on indicators affecting their thermal performance are classified. Next, the computer simulation method is used to evaluate selected houseschr('39') thermal performance, and the results are analyzed based on comparative attitude and correlation test. The historic houses in Hamedan can be divided into three categories based on the physical criteria significant to the thermal functioning of the houses:Type A: Qajar era houses with internal form and central yard and interior and exterior spaces. Type B: Houses of late Qajar and early Pahlavi era with a mixture of internal and external types. Type C: Houses that were under the effect of western architecture and were external. Also, the results of correlation analysis show that between the indicators of the ratio of the total surface area to the volume (A/V), the ratio of Full space to empty space (density), the thickness of external walls, and thermal mass and energy consumption, there is an inverse correlation with high intensity. Simultaneously, there is a direct and high correlation between the ratio of the openings area to the side area and the yardchr('39')s size and the amount of energy consumption. And between the indexes of the ratio of building height to yard width (H/W), building height to yard length (H/L) and the ratio of side area to volume (S/V) and energy consumption are directly correlated with low intensity.

The depth of the void concept has extended the range of its effects from philosophy to various sciences and even types of art. In architecture, due to the importance of the spacing effect and architectural components on behavior, void finds a different role that seems to be less addressed in contemporary architecture. If void, regardless of its hidden meaning, is referred to as "empty space," all spaces in architecture are empty; otherwise, they were considered mass. The present study analyzes the physical and semantic characteristics of the void and their impact on social relations. What effect do void physical and semantic components have on the social elements of space? It is the main question. Achieving a comprehensive model in using voidchr('39')s features to improve spatial qualities and increasing or controlling social interactions in different places was considered the research goal. Therefore, "the effect of voidchr('39')s physical-semantic features" as an independent variable and "social interactions" was introduced as a dependent variable. The research method is a mixed quantitative-qualitative. Initial processing in five and three different uses was conducted, respectively. The research used Questionnaires, detailed observation, and interviews on-site for data collection. The obtained information was analyzed by Smart PLS software. The analysis results show that the voidchr('39')s physical and semantic components, in the form of spatial cohesion, have increased social tendencies among individuals in places with informal use

Disaster management and current attitudes in this area only focus on this areachr('39')s physical vulnerabilities, raising urban residentschr('39') exposure to these challenges in front of the earthquake. On the other hand, Incidental actions include reducing the vulnerability and the physical strengthening and promotion of poor organization during the disaster; they ignored the capabilities and capacities of residents to reduce vulnerabilities and consequently reduce casualties and damage. However, recent approaches that have been entered in disaster management introduce the importance of pathology in the face of disasters compared to the physical vulnerabilities. These attitudes have relied on the fact that the vulnerabilities have an almost perfect inverse relationship with the residentschr('39') capabilities are facing a disaster. Thus, community-based disaster risk management recognizes the necessity of vulnerability indicators, potential residents, and community resources.The purpose of this study is to assess the relationship between the ability of residents and social vulnerabilities. Because of the type of parameters and variables item not only measured through questionnaires but also includes a wide range of physical and social indicators and statistics derived from the questionnaire, statistical analysis software like SPSS and geographical information System like ArcGIS has been used in this research. The article measures the capabilities and vulnerabilities of their residentchr('39')s indictors in Youssef Abad neighborhood. Results indicate that not only the physical issues in the disaster to minimize vulnerabilities. Therefore, the emphasis is on new disaster management approaches with longer considered social and capacity building and residents. Finally, the effect of each of the indicators, the overall strategies to reduce vulnerability to earthquakes, is presented.

Changing a space to a place is the existential purpose of architecture. Literature review regards the complex architectural organization as a significant factor for the maximum use of the individualschr('39') performances and activities. Due to exterior spaceschr('39') necessity beside the interior ones, the architect creates a third space; and due to this in-between space, the complexchr('39')s spatial organization is formed. Sometimes it is determined in the form of a boundary, sometimes is manifested in the form of a room. In any case, like a joint, the interstitial space makes possible the separation or connection between two areas. By the in-between space on a large scale (public arena) with transitional property in this research, we mean a hierarchy of intermediate spaces from exterior spaces to the buildingchr('39')s interior spaces. In a proposed model, the transitional space has divided into four entry areas: pause and gathering space, communication motor space, and transitional visual space. The use of these spaces affects people differently compared to the complete inside and outside space. The main question is: what factors affect the transitional spacechr('39')s quality as the interstitial space in the spatial formation of a building given the public arena? What strategies will improve the nature and quality of this space in the physical elements of the architecture? For the case study, the researchers select the four public complexes, two exterior samples (The national center for the contemporary arts of Fresno and the student center of Alfred Lerner Hall, New York University) and two interior samples (Tehran Bar Association, and Mellat Cinema Complex) with the highest level of benefit from the interstitial characteristics. This research defines a qualitative study based on rational reasoning and description, explanation, and interpretation. Five architects completed a qualitative questionnaire that includes appropriate strategies to improve the desired spatial quality with an interstitial concept according to the formation criteria. The article presents a table as a design solution. The research findings show that the transitional spaces as the in-between spaces are a practical approach to connect or separate two exterior and interior spaces and improve the desired spatial quality.

Today Identify and analyze critical natural, economic, socio-cultural, and political drivers Creation, growth, and development of cities. It has become one of the essential concerns of urban planners and decision-makers for short, medium, and long-term planning for citieschr('39') growth and development. The aim of this study is the Identify and analyze key drivers affecting the formation process. The physical development pattern is in the southern cities of Bushehr province, which has been done as a case study in Kangan city. The present study in terms of purpose is applied research. The method of research is analytical-exploratory. The article determines key indicators through Delphi method and Identify key drivers using Micmac software based on the cross-impact analysis method. The results indicate that among the various factors affecting the formation and physical development of Kangan city, 15 elements. These include oil and gas Industries, port activities, migration, service activities, transportation, political factors and government role, location of Kangan, cultural factors, land ownership, slopes, climate condition, water sources, soil, and vegetation, natural disaster, and Agricultural activities. Among them, five factors "oil and gas Industries (refinery); port activities; migration; service activities; transport (access)" are considered as crucial factors and drivers of physical development in Kangan city. Therefore, directions and the amount of physical development of Kangan city in the future is a function of location and geographical conditions of Kangan city, how to plan and decide managers and city officials of Kangan in dealing with these key drivers.

One of Kashanchr('39')s historical architectural achievements has been the use of skylights in historic houses. Research has shown that these skylightschr('39') quality and performance are related to factors such as their type, distance from other openings, size, and materials, cut-off Angle, area of illumination created, number, and amount of their efficiency. The article used these factors for evaluating the impact of these skylightschr('39') performance. The present study, based on library and field studies, analyzes the effect of skylightschr('39') performance on the architecture of the house of Boroujerdi as a selected example. The results show that skylightschr('39') performance has been influential on architectural proportions through the number, size, and area of the space illuminated by it. Also, the three-component structure of skylights determined the geometry and architectural form of related spaces, and formalization was a part of the design of skylights in Kashan, which was a solution to direct light into the building; Also; the distance of the skylights from each other shows that the scale and dimensions of the space have been formed in relation to them and the efficiency factor of 50% of the skylights shows the acceptable performance and correct choice of their materials in providing light.

The happy city is one of the topics that has been considered by many urban experts in recent decades. The issue of happiness in urban space is becoming one of the urban spaceschr('39') expectations. From Montgomerychr('39')s perspective, happiness is not a vague concept but a defined and measurable equation directly influenced by the manchr('39')s environment. The issue of a happy city in our country is still not as important as it is, so that according to research conducted during the years 2007-1997, the level of happiness in Iran is ranked 56th among 97 countries. Today, due to economic problems and the relatively high unemployment rate and other issues, Hamedanchr('39')s city needs to create happiness and raise the collective spirit more than before. If this city does not decide to move towards achieving the citychr('39')s goals, it will face a social catastrophe. We faced with the title of the depressed city of Hamedan. In this regard, by examining the influential factors of emotions in the sense of happiness, the present study tries to take a positive step towards achieving the goals of a happy city. The present study is a descriptive-analytical method of quantitative type and based on survey research. The studychr('39')s statistical population includes users of the two spaces of Pasteur axis and Bu Ali Sina sidewalk in Hamedan, which were selected using the unknown community formula in the Pasteur axis equal to 300 and Bu Ali Sina sidewalk equal to 385 people for analysis. The collected data were designed and analyzed using Amos software to develop a structural equation model (SEM). This study shows that the amount of positive emotions in Bu Ali Sina sidewalk is much higher than the Pasteur axis, and this issue is not unrelated to the type of space design of both axes. In this research, some suggestions are presented.

This studychr('39')s primary purpose is the influence of Gilles Deleuzechr('39')s poststructuralist thinking on improving the quality of educational space. Therefore, this study seeks to answer two main questions; first, the difference between rhizomatic education and the tree model of education. Second, how can rhizomatic thinking be effective in improving the educational environmentchr('39')s quality and fostering creative thought. The conceptual analysis method used to answer the first question, and the inferential method used to answer the second question.  Findings showed that rhizomatic space with features such as mapping, new orientations, frequent inputs and outputs, fluidity and flexibility, emphasizes the production of new ideas and meanings. Creative thinking also emphasizes fluidity, flexibility, originality, innovation and divergent thinking, etc. Thus, Gilles Deleuzechr('39')s rhizomatic thought and the components of creative thinking, including fluidity and fragility, flexibility, becoming, expansion and pluralism, folding, divergent and horizontal thinking, are commonalities, and so on. Accordingly, Gilles Deleuzechr('39')s rhizomatic thinking can have significant implications for the development of creative thinking. This includes the way of thinking and the multidimensionality of problems, divergent thinking, decentralization, non-linear (prohibition of imposing a certain pattern), becoming (constant change and movement in thinking), expansion (ability to pay attention to detail during activities) and initiative (inventing, innovating and providing unusual and clever answers to problems) originality (providing unique solutions).

The present study examines the design elements in promoting the quality of life by believing that every architectural work fosters the quality of life. In this research, the concept of quality investigated by measuring the level of residentschr('39') satisfaction in the residential complexes of three new towns around Tehran (Andisheh, Pardis, Parand). This study uses the post-residential assessment technique. This technique is a systematic study on how residents react to their living space when they live. This methodologychr('39')s results are used to properly regulate the design and management of buildings and create optimal future design developments. This method leads to the development of " Design Quality Indicators" (DQI), a tool for evaluating proposed and constructed buildingschr('39') design quality. The research model is based on the obtained indicators, and the questionnaire adjusted according to the model. In the design of the questionnaire, the Likert scale was used. The research method is using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) technique and AMOS software. The results show that residents are relatively satisfied with objective indicators of housing design that related to the plan layout and function of spaces. The most satisfaction relates to the location and lighting of living rooms and bedrooms, and most dissatisfaction relates to the kitchen area. Regarding the objective indicators of neighborhood design (blocks), the most satisfaction is about communication and common spaceschr('39') dimensions and location. The most dissatisfaction is about landscape design, such as green space and how to access parking lots. In subjective indicators, the highest satisfaction is with safety. Residentschr('39') social relations are weak, and the majority of residents do not recommend living in these complexes to their relatives and have no sense of belonging to space.