فصلنامه دانش پیشگیری و مدیریت بحران
سال دهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 37، پاییز 1399)

With the rise of urbanization and economic-trade, political, social, and cultural exchanges between cities around the world, the prevalence of epidemics has increased. Challenges caused by the most important factor that can affect the level of independence, authority, and sovereignty of cities and by becoming critical, have special effects on the strength and tolerance or resilience of cities (mainly their vulnerable people), can be from the perspective of the right approach to the city. The present study aims to analyze the relationship between the view of urban right to life for all citizens and the consequences of the crisis of Quaid 19 in cities. The main and fundamental question of this review is: What is the situation and situation of the people living in the cities in the face of the Corona crisis, with an emphasis on the theory and approach of the right to urban life? What strategies are more essential?

 The research method of this study is fundamental and based on an "urban theory" which, while reviewing the sources, has presented strategies and strategies to reduce the negative effects of the phenomenon under study.

 This study examines the issue of the right to life for vulnerable urban people during the Corona Disease Period, based on the approach and concept of Henri Lefebvrechr('39')s "Right to the City" approach. A collective right that emphasizes democratic governance, national unity, and the interdependence of all recognized international civil, political, economic, social, cultural, and environmental rights. In addition to all the socio-economic implications of the new virus, Corona also clarified the logic of global politics and ethics, in the sense that a purely material reality and knowledge of moral and political systems are strongly interdependent, causing people to protect the rights of individuals also seeks the health of relatives and other residents of the city. In most countries, civil and urban organizations and institutions, various consultations and actions related to maintaining the level of empowerment and socio-economic power of the people of the cities have begun and achieved effective results.

This study showed that the effects of this crisis on the living conditions and quality of urban people, in general, were very similar, but in particular, there are many differences between urban living conditions in the world, which depends on the conditions and level of social resilience. Economic and managerial cities. Emphasizing the view and importance of urban life rights, this study also considers strengthening the solidarity and local-national solidarity as the only fundamental solution to the disease and the resulting crisis. A path that leads to the health of the majority and not the economic benefit of a minority of people in society.

In this research, the goal is to identify the decision-making styles of mask customers based on the proposed styles Spurs and Kendall. The question that arises in this research is that decision-making styles What are the mask clients like in coronary heart disease?

This research is applied in nature and is descriptive and analytical in terms of implementation.  317 people customers visiting Urmia pharmacies were selected to purchase the mask as a statistical sample. The main tool Data collection is a questionnaire. T-sample method with SPSS software was used to analyze the data.

The results of the study showed that out of the eight proposed styles, 5 styles were identified and prioritized The ranking was done, the quality-sensitive style was given the highest priority.

Due to the prevalence of coronary heart disease, the demand for masks among consumers has increased.  From 8 consumer decision-making style We have seen the approval of 4 styles among consumers.  The highest quality style Priority was given to achieving a quality mask that was a concern for consumers. On the other hand, the importance of quality for society and consumers in the context of coronary heart disease cannot be denied.  So produce and Quality mask distribution should be done properly in the country as a whole.

The global outbreak of the coronavirus has posed a serious threat to the health and safety of the international community; A threat that, due to the intensity and scope of human communication and economic relations in todaychr('39')s world, knows no borders. Iranchr('39')s inclusion on the list of one of the main victims of the coronavirus, along with the difficulty of importing raw materials, medicines and medical equipment through sanctions, has placed our country at serious risk; The responsibility for doing so depends on the formation of a national determination and the comprehensive cooperation of all executive bodies in crisis management.

This descriptive-analytical study seeks to answer the question of what role crisis management plays in reducing the risk of coronavirus epidemiology.

The findings show that countrieschr('39') approaches and strategies for managing Corona crisis are different, and each country is mainly one of the approaches to calm or reduce harm, active control (containment strategy) or decisive repression to manage Bahrain Corona. Have taken over.

In Iran, due to the existence of extensive capacities such as extensive medical and hospital facilities, Red Crescent Organization, Passive Defense Organization, Crisis Management and timely entry of military units, etc. into the field of crisis management, Corona epidemic despite poor start; At present, it has taken an acceptable form in the field of providing health services and has been able to manage the response to the needs of hospitalized patients.

Assessing the threats and vulnerabilities of infrastructure is one of the major concerns of security officials in a country, and water supply systems are one of the most important and sensitive infrastructures. Water supply systems are also among the basic infrastructures that are very important in assessing the threats in these systems and identifying its weaknesses. In this regard, in the present study, in addition to assessing the risk of a water system with existing methods, we intend to correct and update these methods and examine its results.

The present study is a practical application in terms of nature and a combination of descriptive-analytical and quantitative methods in terms of implementation. In this study, in addition to field visits and interviews with relevant experts in the field of study to perform calculations and risk assessment of water systems, two methods of FEMA and Fuzzy risk assessment have been used as well as modified of these two methods.

The results of the assessment of the water level of Samah studied in the present study using FEMA method, indicate high risk in facilities 4 to 6, low risk in facilities 7 and 9 and medium risk in other facilities. In the Fuzzy method, in addition to facilities 7 and 9, which have medium risk, other high-risk facilities have been identified. Also, the results of the modified FEMA method (managerial FEMA) indicate high risk in facilities 4 to 6 and medium risk in other facilities. Also, according to the results of Kai-Esquar test, fema and fuzzy tests are significant in two levels of 1 and 5%, but the modified methods in these two levels are not significant.

The results of the Fuzzy method in this study are closer to the real conditions of the system under study, so it can be used as a native method in the study area. Due to studies in a water system, the insignificance of the results of corrective methods is not a reason for the inefficiency of these methods and more studies can be done in this field.

Accommodation of the victims is necessary immediately after the accident to maintain order and reduce mental, psychological and physical crises, as well as providing better services to the victims of the accident. The experience of the AQ-Qala flood and the temporary accommodation of the victims in sports venues has made the need for the design of a collective shelter even more apparent.Collective shelters are actually existing buildings that are used as temporary accommodation to host the affected population. The buildings used as collective shelters are schools, hotels, community centers, hospitals, factories, religious buildings, barracks and even military barracks. Collective shelters are mostly public buildings that have their own use before the accident and are not designed for accommodation, but considering the additional infrastructure, these buildings can be turned into collective shelters. The most important issues in the design of a collective shelter are as follows: "Appropriate structure on a suitable site", site selection and analysis of the structure and subject of shelter dismantling that should be considered when setting up the complex.The purpose of this paper is to (develop) a conceptual design framework for collective shelter.

 The research method used in this study is a combined quantitative-qualitative method with descriptive-analytical method of field and survey studies. In addition to collecting data, the library study and observation tools and documentation, as well as overseas maps and documents were used.

At the end of this article, collective shelter design factors, including locating the site to designing are presented. These factors have been obtained based on collective form, the experiences of collective shelter designs in different parts of the world and reviewing the strengths and weaknesses of each and reviewing the guidelines of UNDP, UNDRO, UNHCR.

According to Makichr('39')s collective form theory, there are three types of space formation in a collective shelter. They are as follows: compositional form, mega form and collective form. This combination of components creates an integrated whole, both functionally and locally. In this paper, collective shelter is considered a set of these three sub-branches and based on the characteristics and factors involved in each, a design framework has been obtained for collective shelter.

At the late 2019, a report of cases of Covid-19 was announced in Wuhan, China. On February 20, 2009, the first case of the disease was reported in Iran. Due to the prevalence of this disease, appropriate measures/actions were needed to be taken into account to deal with this epidemy through the training of individuals and treatment of patients.

Due to the global nature of this epidemic, different policies have been adopted in different countries. In this study, those measures and actions taken in regards to establishment of Coronavirus recovery sites at Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran are first examined based on in-depth interviews with some people in charge of Coronavirus epidemic management. Then, the gathered information are analyzed from a logistical viewpoint based upon the so-called diagnosing approach which is frequently used in the domain of process management. Accordingly, some suggestions are finally provided to improve such actions in the future similar cases, which cover those suggestion related to the preparation and response phases.

Several logistical actions should be performed for better preparation to respond suitably to similar epidemics in the future: improving logistics actions in the preparedness phase using a proactive approach, defining the roles and responsibilities of parties involved, availability of required supporting resources and maintenance of required equipment.  

In order to deal with logistical constraints, coordination and cooperation between different parties involved must be established. According to this approach, determining the most important processes of a recovery center and the people involved in the operations along with creating a contact tree and a list of important tools, resources, data sources to access people in emergencies as well as providing a list of vendors of equipment, and the right space for their storage are considered as the required preparedness items.

Access to information is one of the pillars of a smooth and productive information flow which would provide the best opportunities for an effective Information management. Thus, it is essential to acquire the knowledge about how to access information and ways to improve it, especially in the field of natural disaster management (NDM), which is based on decisions making, in micro and macro level, to reduce risk and increase the resilience. This paper presents an attempt to understand the NDM stakeholders’ perceptions about information, and discuss the challenges they’ve been through to information access.

A qualitative multi-stakeholder, multi-hazard approach employed, and several sources of information (interviews, participation in seminars, field observations, and document studies) were triangulated to gather information to reach a holistic view of the field with a focus on the five groups of stakeholders ( NGOs, public institutions, government agencies, research centers, and information science experts). Fereday & Muir-Cochrane (2006) thematic content analysis was applied to analyze the data and to achieve the adequate accuracy in this qualitative analysis.

Besides the emerged notions about the NDM information characteristics, three conceptual clusters emerged through the qualitative thematic analysis , namely kinds and methods of information access (centralized, decentralized, and desired), factors that influence information access (economical, political, social, organizational, legal, cultural, behavioral, temporal, and technical), and the information impact  (behavioral and practical, emotional, security, and social).

Despite a relative desirability of access to information in terms of the, the quality of information available continues to face serious challenges. Developing local and national strategies needs the cooperation of all stakeholders, and requires the integration of the information produced and shared in the NDM field. Meanwhile, the presence of information science professionals in the circle of NDM decision makers can pave the way for positive changes, and facilitate the information flow and effective communication between stakeholders by providing services and content tailored to their information needs.