نشریه مطالعات جامعه شناختی
پیاپی 56 (بهار و تابستان 1399)

The problematic of this research is, on the one hand, the relation of mentioned discourses to the discourse of martyrdom in time of war, and on the other hand, the understanding of what these discourses themselves are and how they relate to each other, how they produce their normal subject. To answer this question, the genealogical method of Michel Foucault has been used to show the beginning of the articulation of the subjective and individual discourses of the post-war situation and what connections and disconnections it had with the situation during the war. The present study has concluded that the discourse of martyrdom in time of war caused the domination of the psychic and subjective over the social and basically created a subject who wanted salvation and martyrdom in the inner moment and by overcoming himself. In the post-war period, this subject, in harmony with other non-discursive factors, facilitated the possibility of subjective post-war discourses. In the post-war era, the human form remained to be saved in individual and subjective moments, but its content was changed by new discourses. Wartime martyrdom discourse and post-war subjective discourses turned the social / critical ontology of the Islamic Revolution into a struggle and conflict with the sinful soul(NAFS) and the discovery of inner strength.

One of the most important issues related to Sanandaj, which has been mostly represented in the local, regional and national media in recent years, is the issue of marginalization. The most important issue of marginalization is its role in the spread of social harms. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to identify social harms and the effective contexts and mechanisms in the formation of these harms. The theoretical basis of the research is the critical realism approach and in the method section, the combined method has been used. In the experimental section, the largest suburban area of ​​Sanandaj, namely Naysar, has been selected as the study bed. Findings showed that social harms in this area can be classified into three categories: serious, moderate and insignificant. At the same time, the most important mediating mechanisms of these damages are administrative and urban discrimination, stigma and lack of spatial affiliation. Finally, the effective contexts in the formation of social harms are the limitation of its possibilities and its various forms, economic and cultural poverty and cultural heterogeneity.

 The Qajar period is the beginning of a modern era in the entire history of Iran. In the same period, Iran is introducing new concepts, including citizenship rights. During the Qajar period, Iranian women also met their citizenship rights for the first time and worked for it. Since women and men in one country share the same fate of their country, so ignoring women in some historical sources doubles the need to study their lives. The present research is the ability to conform to the T-score. The paper examines the rights of women in the Qajar era in three dimensions of civil, political and social rights based on Marshall’s formulation. This historical case study is a descriptive and data gathering method, documentary and analysis method of pattern matching. The findings show that only a fraction of the civil, political, and social rights aspects evolved alongside each other and at the same time, and it was not possible to follow Marshall as a historical sequence of Qajar women's citizenship rights.

Nowadays academic training has gone beyond educating technicians and has become a part of common training. “Common training” here is seen as “making the self”. Our theoretic assumption is that self can be made through expressing itself; namely through confronting the world, and through making changes in its context. This is a reflexive self. In contrast there is an alienated self which is isolated from the society and detached from its context. From such point of view society is seen as simple summation of independent individuals. This is an alienated self. The question is that among two situations, the situation of educating at the sphere of natural sciences and at the sphere of human and social sciences, in which one is it more possible to make a reflexive self? The research has been conducted via deep interviews with students. Social science faculty of university of Tehran was selected as a sample for human science disciplines and engineering faculty of university of Tehran as a sample for natural science disciplines. 15 students of each faculty were interviewed. The results showed students who are training in social science faculty, have a more reflexive and contextual understanding of the self.

The present study aims to examine status individuals’ experience in their relationship with themselves and the lived experience of individuals in their social relations in virtual space through the intermediary of virtual space. The main questions here are: how is virtual space represented? How does virtual leisure express the self-image, concepts and self-identity of students? And, how does virtual leisure produce and reproduce the resistance/control dualism? To answer these questions at the methodological level, we purposefully employed virtual ethnography, in-depth virtual interview techniques and participatory observation of University of Kurdistan students on Facebook. The theoretical idea of the present article is that virtual space, due to the different forms of social networking services, has led to the emergence of various forms of living and network-based experiences, which construct a special form of individualism commonly referred to as expressive individualism. The virtual life of individuals acts a challenge/substitute for their real life and expressive individualism thus develops. At the epistemological level, the representation, identity and resistance of virtual leisure of students have been examined based on Chris Rojek’s leisure theory. The findings of the study show that virtual leisure on Facebook acts a therapeutic space for the real life of users and forms a kind of individualism called expressive individualism, which is full of emotional dualisms. Virtual leisure has made the formation of an autonomous, yet virtual and fluid, identity possible, which is quite expectedly parallel with but in contrast to the objective reality. In terms of resistance, virtual leisure, because of its limited construct, has created a spatial society for hidden resistance, which acts as plural public domain. Regarding the controlling function in the virtual space, inter-subjective control, personal principles and values and feeling of conspiracy are the factors that control behavior of users on Facebook.

This article uses analytical methods to study the types of state-society relationships on the formation of social issues. The main aim of the paper analyzes the role of state and society, and the capacities of the state in relation to the society and the capacities of society in co-operation and synergy with the state's power in dealing with social issues. The research hypothesis is that if the state-society relation faces instability, disruption and fragility in mutual collaborations, the social fabric and deregulation in political management experiences a functional weakness, and one of the indication of the configuration of an anomic community is that in which the society and state deteriorate. In this process, the types of the state-society relations affect the regularity and the evolution course of the society, and initiates the process of breakdown and anomic condition of society. This, ultimately, results in the formation of a variety of social issues. Thus, the types of state-society relationships (passive society-active state, passive society-passive state-active society-passive state, and active society-active state) in using their capacities, they can promote the anomic situation, which is one of the consequences of disintegration of relations between the state and society, the emergence of fragility and social crises in society.

The intertwining the social and the spatial, or what is called the social production of space, is the main theme of the theory of production of space that has been introduced by Henri Lefebvre in order to criticize the existent urban theories. In this theory, Lefebvre uses three concepts to explain the dialectic of spatial production: the space of representation, spatial representation and spatial practice. He applies this theory with these three concepts to introduce a thick description of everyday life. Rereading and criticizing Lefebvre theory is in fact a kind of revising and reformulating a range of ideas, concepts, methods and techniques which have been used in idealist and positivist philosophical traditions about space in past centuries. This theoretical contribution is about to introduce some themes for explaining the relation between urban dynamism and capital accumulation. It attempts specifically to analyze space as something that is produced and reproduced in social relations. The finding shows that this theory and some other more empirical contributions have the potential of explaining the nature and transformations of space.

The main claim of Said’s orientalism is that representation of West about East and dualization are the cause of Western domination and Eastern lag. Said’s orientalism is a genealogical reading on West/East discourse emphasizing on analyzing this matter that “other” (East) how be constructed by West’s discourse. Said considers orientalism as a distinctive discourse which has led to the creation of dualities (West/East, civilization/barbarian, etc.). Orientalism, he argues, is a highly coherent discipline by which Westerners have made East an object (recognizable). In this article I try to critique the Said’s orientalism theory by three criteria: internal critique, external critique and functional critique. The article argues that orientalist view has led eastern countries to seek confrontation with West instead of rethinking on their cultural, political, social, economic and scientific shortcomings which they face. The articles proposes that developing countries seek the root of their lag and West’s progress in other domains not in their interaction with the West.

The importance of the body and its relation to the social, cultural, historical, and spatial realms dealt with today in the sociology of the body defines human as a physical agent. The body of life is a concept that shows that being in the world and human consciousness are largely determined by the body. Understanding women's experiences and understanding and depicting their bodies in society is what this article seeks to study. The researcher has used a qualitative approach and a phenomenological approach to identify, describe and describe this. The study participants were 26 women in Sanandaj who were interviewed in-depth and semi-structured. Participants were selected through purposive sampling. Findings from the description and narration of women in the living body include six key terms: Body as Honor-Body, Sexual Object-Body Symbolic Dominance Tool in Society-Body as Generation Reproduction Machine-Body Capital-Sex-Body Against Patriarchy The findings show that the status of the female body and their perceptions and mentality of the body, rather than the result of some sort of collective choice of women, is an objective thing that is rooted in the socio-historical situation in Kurdistan.

Equality and justice are important issues in the development process which affect the countries development policies. This paper tries to determine the position and development rank of the Iranian provinces and the development pattern of the country. According to the literature of development indicators, five main indexes were considered for assessing the development of provinces including economy and infrastructure (10 indicators), education (4 indicators), demographic (5 indicators), health (11 indicators), culture, and communication (6 indicators) dimensions. The data were obtained from the National Population and Housing Census 2016 in a cross-sectional format for 31 provinces. In this paper, the ranking of the provinces has been calculated using the TOPSIS method and secondary analysis. Hierarchical clustering used to classify the provinces. The findings show that Semnan, Yazd, and Tehran provinces in comparison with other provinces are at the highest level of development, and the provinces of Sistan and Baluchistan, West Azerbaijan, and Kerman are at the lowest level of development ranking. Besides, the results of this research show that the Core-Periphery model is dominant in the development of the provinces of the country. Moreover, according to the finding of the paper, there is more inequality inside the more developed provinces that indicate the centralization of the facilities in the capital of the provinces.

Social life has different fields in which each of these fields has its own interests that the social agents assigned to them are struggling to gain the interest of these fields. But do the interests of different fields of social life coincide with pure economic practices, that it was a yeast of economic development of western culture? The present study seeks to investigate relationship between the in-field interest with economic practice in rural and nomadic fields of gilan-e-gharb. n this research, a participatory observation and semi-structured interview were used. Findings show that the interest of rural field is welfare and it has not good coincide With ideal type of economic practice And the followers of this interest have little success in acquiring economic capital. On the contrary, the interest of nomadic fields that is sheep rising Has a high coincide with ideal type of economic practice economic practice. Achieve to interest’s field for social agent of this field Requires economic agency Which will ultimately lead to capital accumulation.