نشریه سالمندشناسی
سال پنجم شماره 3 (پیاپی 18، پاییز 1399)

Aging is an important period of life which needs basic support. The purpose of this study is survey the methods and programs of providing services to the elderly in the countries studied and to find the best care method for planning to provide services to the elderly in Iran.

This is a narrative review that was conducted comparatively. The study was conducted in Italy, Sweden, Austria, the Netherlands, Norway, Germany, Japan, Turkey and Iran. More than 2,000 search articles were found and 170 related articles were selected. Finally, they were adapted and differences and similarities were determined and the initial model was formed.

In Italy, Sweden, Austria, the Netherlands, Norway, Germany and Japan, home care policies are successful, and countries that follow a policy of integrated services (social-health-treatment) are successful. . And providing care services for the elderly in these countries is free of charge and provides sustainable resources through insurance and taxes and public resources. In these countries, municipalities play a key role in helping to provide services to the elderly.

In Iran, due to the poor condition of elderly care, comprehensive planning and design of service packages for the elderly with sustainable financial resources such as long-term care insurance is inevitable.

Population ageing has turned its health impact into a critical problem. Iran will soon encounter such a crisis, but the capacity of social networks can be helpful in controlling this crisis. The present study was conducted to analyze the relationship of the social networks of the aged with health impact from the health and health services Utilization points of view.

In a survey-based manner, a total of 356 individuals were selected from a statistical population of 4777 subjects(≥60 in Bijar city, 2019) using multi-stage cluster sampling and interviewed using the GHQ-28, SNI and made-researcher scale of health services Utilization, questionnaires based on self-relate and home-visit manners. The data were analyzed using SPSS-18 with Pearson, T-test and MANOVA tests.

The average age of the participants is 70 of whom 40.2% are male, 59.8% are female, 64.9% have spouse and 35.1% do not have spouse. The analysis reveals that the weak network with public, physical, psychological. Social and strong network with public, physical and social health have direct correlation (P<0.05). Network size and group membership with public, social, physical and psychological health, intimacy with public, psychological and social health, contact frequency with public, social, psychological and physical health, proximity with public, physical and psychological health have direct correlation(P<0.05). social network and strong network with secondary health services consumption, group membership with health services and primary services consumption, intimacy with secondary services, contact frequency with health services and secondary services have converse correlation(P<0.05). MANOVA confirms the main effects by investigating the effects of levels, indices and network resources(P<0.05).

Social networks, even weak ones, are good predictors of the increase of health and the decrease of service Utilization. Social policy making for expanding natural networks through the promotion of contacts with children and relatives and expanding artificial networks is suggested.

The epidemic of COVID-19 disease began in 2019 (January 10) in Wuhan, China, and quickly became a global problem. The rapid growth of this disease in Iran was from March 25, 2020, to April 15, 2020 (1). In addition to physical problems, the disease had many social, economic, and cultural consequences. The old people are one of the age groups that were less seen and more at risk. Iranian older adults need to be given more attention because of the growth rate (3.9%) of the aging population in Iran (3), and the Population aging ratio (9.2%) (4), there is also a high prevalence of underlying diseases in older adults. (Such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, etc.). According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, eight out of ten deaths occur in people over the age of 65 (5). Recommendations for the elderly generally include hand washing, staying at home, maintaining social distance (two meters), and hospitalization for the elderly including meeting restrictions, restrictions on activities at the center, and daily monitoring of symptoms in the elderly and center staff. Be. A study by McMichael reported that 101 seniors and 50 caregivers at the King Country Center were infected. The Case fatality rate (CFR) for COVID-19 was about 34 (33.7%) for the nursing home older adults and zero for the caregivers (6). In the study of Nikpouraghdam et al., The first wave of the disease was performed between February 19, 2020, and April 15, 2020. It was found that the mean age of 239 deaths was 65.38 ± 13.67 years and nearly 67 percent of deaths occurred over the age of 60 (7). According to the State Welfare Organization of Iran, the prevention strategies include: allocate 2$ to prevent COVID-19 disease in all care centers, providing the necessary training to the staff and families of hospitalized people, not accepting new cases and discharge until Secondary notification, elimination of unnecessary personnel traffic and permanent presence of personnel, provision of special instructions for the elderly were performed in all care centers (8). According to the data, about 87 elderly people and 68 caregivers of the Kahrizak Charity foundation have been infected with COVID-19 (9). Twenty-seven elderly people have died (10), therefore, the CFR is about 31%. Unfortunately, the available data is very limited. It is not yet possible to give an accurate interpretation of the status of COVID-19 pandemic in the community-dwelling and Nursing home older adults in Iran.

It is in high importance to pay attention to different aspects of health and well-being in the elderly age. Spiritual health is one of the important aspects of health status that is often neglected. So, this study was conducted with the aim of Assessment the status of spiritual health and related factors in elderly patients admitted to governmental hospitals in Kashan.

In this cross-sectional study, 300 elderly hospitalized in government hospitals in Kashan in 2018 were enrolled into study by convenience sampling. The tools of gathering data were Spiritual Well-Being Scale questionnaire. After collecting data, they were analyzed using SPSS software and independent t-test and one-way ANOVA tests.

The mean score for spiritual health was 73.93±7.67. There were positive significant correlation between spiritual health scores and age (r=0.14, P=0.01).
The independent T-test showed a significant difference between the spiritual health score and the marital status (P= 0.02). The one-way ANOVA test showed a significant difference between the spiritual health score and the job (P= 0.004) and the economic status (P= 0.01).

According to the results, the increase in age was associated with an increase in spiritual health. Married older adults with higher economic status had higher spiritual health. Unemployed seniors experienced lower spiritual health.

Hearing impairment affects all aspects of a personchr('39')s life, especially auditory perception, while the use of cochlear implantation or hearing aids has a positive effect on auditory function. The aim of this study was to compare the improvement of executive dysfunction in elderly people who are performing cochlear implantation with people who use hearing aids.

The present study is of causal-comparative type which was performed in 1397 as an available sample on 105 elderly people over 65 years of age with hearing loss referred to Mashhad audiometry centers. The elderly participants in the study were divided into two groups, with the first and second groups being the elderly candidates for cochlear implantation and hearing aids, respectively. To collect the data, the Delis-Kaplan Executive Task Package Test (Ghavami et al., 2016) was used. Data were compared using multivariate variance and independent t. The data were analyzed by SPSS-v.20 computer software and analyzed.

The results showed that the scores of the elderly with hearing impairment with cochlear implantation in the executive functions of non-verbal working memory (P <0.001, F = 0.01), verbal cognitive flexibility (P <0.001, 0.98) = F). And nonverbal (P <0.001, F = 0.89), problem solving (P = 0.004, f = 22.32) and response inhibition (P <0.001, F = 4.81) as such Significance varies with hearing aids compared to the scores of the elderly

The results showed that there is a difference between executive functions in the elderly with hearing loss in the two groups of cochlear implantation and hearing aids.

Inttroduction: 

One of the most important challenges in the world today is the promotion of mental well-being and happiness among the elderly. Due to this cause, purpose of current study is to identify the relationship between psychological well-being and religiousness factors among elderly people in Tehran.

The current study, has a descriptive correlational method. Statistical population for the present study includes all elderly people in Tehran city in 1394. The required sample for this study consisted of 112 people (mean = 67.2, SD = 11.3) and was selected by available sampling among aged people in Tehran city. In order to collect data, Iranian society religiousness scale and psychological wellbeing scale were used.

Results of step by step regression analysis showed that there exists direct significant relationships between statistical components of self-determination (27.10 ± 6.66), life satisfaction (44.38 ± 9.92), psychological well-being and religiousness (176.06 ± 30.57) in elderly people. In this regard life satisfaction and self-determination scores explained 28 percent of variation in religiosity (r= 0.52, P < 0.01). whilst self-determination component explained 15 percent of change in religious beliefs (r= 0.39, P < 0.005), and along with life satisfaction explained respectively 31 (r= 0.56, P < 0.01). and 28 percent of religious commitment and religious sentiments(r= 0.52, P < 0.02). The research data were analyzed using SPSS v.24 and using stepwise multivariate regression and stepwise regression.

According to the findings of this study, a higher score on the components of religiosity, including religious beliefs, emotions and behaviors, quality is associated with the improvement of well-being indicators in the elderly.

exercise interventions can play an important role in delaying aging. Klotho protein and Growth Differentiation Factor 11 (GDF11) are a new family of biochemical theories of the aging process. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of resistance training on serum levels of Klotho anti-aging proteins and rejuvenating of GDF11 factor in elderly men.

In this quasi-experimental study, 30 elderly men (Age: 66/2±3/2) were selected voluntarily and purposefully as a statistical sample and randomly divided into experimental groups (n=15) and control (n=15). Participants in the experimental group performed resistance training for 12 weeks and three sessions per week. At the beginning and end of the study, a venous blood sample was collected to measure serum levels of Klotho and GDF11. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 24 and with dependent and independent t-test at a significance level of less than 0.05.

After 12 weeks of resistance training, a significant increase in Klotho values (p=0.001) was observed. Also, there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the amount of Klotho (p=0.001). However, there was no significant difference in GDF11 values.

The findings of the present study showed that long-term resistance training can increase the anti-aging factor of Klotho in older men. But it seems to not play a role in changes in the GDF11 rejuvenation factor. Therefore, further research is needed to provide more comprehensive opinions in this field.

Reduction of renal function in elderly is associated with decreased cognitive function, especially in the fields of general cognitive ability, abstract reasoning, and verbal memory. Recognition of cognitive impairments can be helped by rehabilitation interventions for the patient and his family. The aim of present study was to compare MoCA, MMSE and AMTs questionnaires in diagnosing the cognitive status of the elderly undergoing hemodialysis of medical centers of Guilan University of Medical Sciences in 2019.

The present study is a cross-sectional descriptive study that was performed on 84 elderly people aged 60 years and older undergoing hemodialysis in Guilan University of Medical Sciences during a multi-stage sampling. The research instruments included MoCA, MMSE and AMTs questionnaires whose validity and reliability were confirmed in various studies. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (number and percentage) and Spearman correlation coefficient by using SPSS software version 20.

Findings showed different cognitive status of patients with these three tools (MoCA, MMSE and AMTs) so that with the MoCA test, the majority of the elderly (94.05%) had mild cognitive impairment; with the MMSE test, the majority of the population (61.90%) had mild cognitive impairment; however, with the AMTs test, the majority (84.52%) had natural cognition. The findings also showed a positive and significant correlation between these three tests (P = 0.001).

Based on the results, it seems that the AMTs tool has not been able to identify elderly people with cognitive impairment compared to the MoCA and MMSE. Given the differences in the results of cognitive tools, it is recommended that similar research be conducted with other tools that measure cognitive functions, and it is suggested that a more complete tool with combination of different tools be designed for cognitive assessment.