پژوهشنامه خراسان بزرگ
پیاپی 37 (زمستان 1398)

Our understanding of Sassanid feudalism, as a socio-political system which is based on relatively large landowners, have often been based on the writings of historians of the first centuries of Islam, and the archaeological data in this field have been very limited. This paper with purpose of recognition of socio-political system at Dargaz plain in the Sassanid era and understanding of the role of Bandian site in this system, attempts to provide some evidence about the Sassanid feudalism in the northeastern areas via the data obtained from archaeological field studies in the Dargaz plain. This paper is basic in terms of purpose, its methodology is based on field studies, and data collection method is documentary and literature-based. So to reach the purpose of this study, Bandian site and artifacts obtained from its excavations were analyzed and compared with some other Sassanid sites in the Dargaz plain. Accordingly, due to few and not so high-quality administrative evidence, lack of fortifications, higher quality and quantity of distribution of cultural materials in these sites, and the form and spatial location of these sites as a collection of integrated and compact architectural works that have been located among the agricultural nuclei independently from their surrounding historical contexts, this article presents three other Sassanid sites in Dargaz plain as parity sites to Bandian and the settlements of the second-class feudal lords of the Sassanid period (=Dehqān). 

Nishapur was one of the important cities where Imam Reza's (AS) stopped for a while on his way from Medina to Merv. Despite the plethora of research that have been done about the residence of that Imam, especially Hadith al-Silsilah al-Dhahab (Hadith of the Golden Chain) in Nishapur, no research has been done so far about the residence of the Imam, its location and the reason why he settled in this neighborhood and its fate. In addition, in some sources and research, including the book of Oyoun Akhbar Al-Ridha (AS), this neighborhood has been recorded in different and wrong ways. Therefore, in the present study, an attempt has been made to analyze and study this neighborhood based on library sources, including the books of history of Nishapur(Tarikh-i Nishapur), and Oyoun Akhbar Al-Ridha (AS), as well as historical and archaeological evidence, using a descriptive-analytical method. Findings show that this neighborhood is called Fuz / Faz and was located in Qohandez of Nishapur, because Qohandez is one of the strongest and safest neighborhoods in the city and also in the easternmost direction. And the exit gate of Nishapur was located towards Merv and Tus. Therefore, government officials, considering that the Imam should reach Merv, the center of the Caliphate, in complete security and respect with less contact with the people, and faster, settled the Imam in the Fuz / Faz neighborhood, which had all the above conditions. Also, due to the destruction of this neighborhood by Arsalan Arghun and Ghuzs, Mongols and numerous earthquakes, as well as its extinction until the Timurid period, especially the Safavid period, the monuments of Imam Reza (AS) neighborhood have been abandoned and replaced by the current footsteps of Nishapur. 

One of the policies of the Safavid central government was to relocate the tribes and clans that were creating them political and social problems for them, the two Chegni and Zafaranlu tribes, who had migrated from western Iran to eastern Khorasan, were from the same tribes whose ethnic shift and the evolution of their social function during the migration of these two tribes from the western plates of Iran to the Khorasan region are the subject of the present study. The question is, what effect has the participation policy of the Chegni and Saffronlu tribes in the power structure in the Khorasan region had on the orderliness and change in their socio-political function? The findings of the research show that the Chegni tribe in the west, a scattered tribe with a strong centrifugal force, acclaimed independence from the central government, and created many social insecurities for the caravans. However, with the forced relocation, the tribal elders, by gaining government positions in Khorasan as a special ethnic group, became part of the social structure of the Khorasan region, which was able to create security on the borders and the Khorasan region. Together with the Saffronlou Kurds, they migrated from the Kurds of Kermanshah in western Iran and in East Azerbaijan to the east. Upon entering Khorasan, the Saffronlou tribe gained a more cohesive and strong social and political organization than one possessed by the Chegnias in Khorasan by gaining the position of lawyer. Displacement, participation in power, change in social behavior, and the pattern of social orderliness of tribes and the functioning of internal security and beyond borders are the issues that this research deals with throughf historical explanation. 

Since the beginning of life, disasters have had a negative impact on human life. Nomadic communities are exposed to a variety of natural hazards due to their dependence on nature, especially in terms of livelihood. Meanwhile, drought, with its disturbing nature of the balance of natural systems, seriously challenges migration-based livelihoods, and it is one of the most important risks affecting nomadic life. The approach to disaster management so far has been to deal more with risk management. Therefore, the concept of resilience is a new concept that is mostly used in the face of unknowns and Uncertainties. .The aim of this study to select and validate appropriate indices of resilience in the nomadic areas of Kormanj in drought conditions. The results of this research can be a starting point for compilation of National Indicators of Resilience, assessment of Nomadic Communities, creating and reducing resilience indicators in order to achieve sustainable development and reducing the effects of climate change and drought in nomadic areas. The research method is descriptive analytical using a questionnaire at the level of local experts and specialists. In this research, various criteria and indicators were extracted from theoretical and experimental literature and were subjected to arbitration through a questionnaire by 33 experts and subject specialists. The results showed that out of 62 indicators, 30 indicators were approved by specialists and local experts. Among appropriate indicators with the highest consensus, the following factors can be mentioned: age structure, life expectancy, the amount of damages to livestock, the levels income job, Status of insurance coverage, the support and the effectiveness of the institutional system, Co-operation and coordination of the institutional system, the amount of emergency services, Satisfaction with the living environment .

Today, attention to the cultural and social aspects of tourism is an indispensable necessity. Because the tourist and the host interact with two different cultures, the differences between cultures have implications for the sustainability of both societies. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of tourism development on socio-cultural developments in tourism destinations in Chenaran County. The purpose of this study is applied and the methodology is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the research includes rural households. Using Cochran formula and error level (0.06), 252 people (with one member from each household) from 11 tourist villages of Chenaran county have been determined as sample. The data were analyzed using one-sample t-test, Pearson correlation, and linear regression. The results showed that tourism development in general has caused more positive socio-cultural changes in tourism destinations than negative ones. It should be noted that the most significant positive socio-cultural developments in tourism development include increasing the popularity of the village by an average of 3.60 and enhancing exchanges and cultural connectivity by an average of 3.33. In terms of negative developments, the highest increase was in the cost of living averaging 2.91 and the change in the language and dialect of the locals averaging 2.80. Also, the most positive developments occurred in Radkan village with an average of 3.63 and the highest negative ones occurred in Akhlad-ulia village with an average of 3.25. Regression results also showed that tourism development has a positive impact on positive and negative socio-cultural developments in the area. 

Securing livelihoods and reducing the risk of migration caused by the impact of external shocks on arid ecosystems is one of the essential requirements for ensuring human sustainability. Therefore, the approach to improve the resilience of rural livelihoods against drought is of particular importance. Accordingly, the present study based on descriptive- analytical methodology, examines the effects of drought on the livelihoods resilience of villagers. The research method is applied and based on library and field studies (through a researcher-made questionnaire). The statistical population includes 2168 households in Barakouh, Mazhan and Khosf rural districts of Khosf county. Based on Cochran formula with error of 0.07, 214 questionnaires were randomly distributed and completed by the villagers and analyzed using appropriate statistical tests. The findings of the study indicated that the most impacted drought between livelihoods capitals occurred in two dimensions of institutional capital and natural capital with average of 2.83 and 2.76. There is also a significant relationship between the two variables; affecting the resilience of livelihoods capitals from drought and its perception by residents and people's residential background. The results of ANOVA test showed no difference between group and within groups with a history of residence in drought susceptibility except for the two dimensions of economic and natural capital. The results of the Tukey test showed that in the two dimensions of financial and natural capital, a different mean of drought impacts can be observed based on residential history.