نشریه گردشگری فرهنگ
پیاپی 1 (تابستان 1399)

Tourism, the act of traveling across the geographical locations, is the product of a systemic combination of meaning and knowledge taking place in the context of culture and is part of it. An essential concept in tourism, culture both gives it meaning to promote and makes it possible to be conceived. How to view and question the culture distinguishes “tourism of culture” from cultural tourism”, the concepts which often are interchangeably used. Regarding this difference, tourism of culture rather than cultural tourism has been selected. It should be borne in mind that when the quiddity of a cultural product questioned by “What is it like?” is a matter of concern, cultural tourism is involved whereas, if the ontology of culture is questioned, tourism of culture is considered. Differentiating between culture and cultural as two key concepts, this paper examines the effect of this difference on plans and measures done in the neglected tourism of culture field which requires to be underscored.

Tourism with cultural approach, briefly known as “cultural tourism” in Iran, is about moving to the Iranian world, with this idea that the tourist is its target audience. The cultural heritage and the historical monuments of an ecosystem are both considered as legacy of that specific Land, that signifies the Iranian identity and determine “who their residence are”.The natural monuments point out where their land is located. The speech language of them, is considered as a sign language, not a language of phrase. Under the sign language, sometimes explicitly and often implicitly, points are made that cannot be comprehended by all but just the target audience. In this type of tourism, the tourist is looking for encountering with the cultures, to get knowledge and cognition from it. Getting encountered to a culture means acquiring a real sense of where a place is located and who are their inhabitants. However, the important question here is, what is the intent of the cultural tourist from this knowledge? In other words, what will acquire the tourist as a visitor, by facing with the diverse cultures of Iranian inhabitants, as well as with the unique quality of “Iranian culture” and its real contemplation? The intent of tourism with a cultural approach is a kind of acquaintance that leads to “cultural self-awareness” or self-knowledge. Such an acquaintance in tourism activity, will possibly happen only when the observation of historical and cultural monuments, are not just to enhance the visitor knowledge or satisfy his historical curiosity, through the locked door of artworks.

In tourism planning, it is important to consider how the tourist is traveling to or back from the target location. What is important in making and completing tourism routes, is the orders or arrangements made for tourist arrivals, that here is called ‘arrival hierarchy’. These routes are considered at various levels: (a) Entering the city/sites through the urban entrance routes such as the passenger terminals, airports and stations; (b) Passing through the urban routes and reaching at the accommodation/resorts; and finally (c) Visiting the tourist attractions of target destinations. The tourism studies have mostly focused on the third aspect of this travel arrangement, and less attention has paid to the first two items. Considering the historical context of Yazd city on the World Heritage List and having quite a lot of tourist attractions, many plans and programs have been proposed for tourism prosperity, while less attention has been paid to plans that focusing on the necessity of tourist arrivals, and the following evaluation of existing traveling routs and their key factors.Therefore, the aim of this paper is to identify and analyze the possible arrangements/hierarchy make for tourist arrival in historical city of Yazd. The main research question arises here is that, what arrangements have been made for tourist arrival in city of Yazd? And what key factors do effect on this? To answer these questions this study used a qualitative and descriptive, applied research method. First of all, the results show that the entry of tourists using road transport’ is not appropriate compared to the rail and air transport, that is all because of lacking clear and defined urban boundaries. On the other hand, on road transport, the entry of ‘mental and intuitive’ receptions are stronger than rail and air transport, while, the ‘physical entry’ is the same in all three categories. The tourist routes are not only confined to the network of attractions, and two other important components related to it are, ‘The [urban] entrance points and the connecting routs of these entrances to the tourist resorts. In other words, in a city like Yazd, which has drawn the attraction of many tourists by registering its own ‘historical texture’ on the UNESCO World Heritage List, the mere presence of significant attractions, historical context and appropriate tourism facilities are not enough, but rather, a network of arranged-based tourism routes or briefly ‘Arrival Hierarchy’ plays an important role in tourism industry.

In recent years, the cultural globalization has been considered as a phenomenon that has been viewed in many respects. On the other hand, tourism is also cultural rather than economic. This is especially true in cultural tourism, where culture is observed as the most important pillar. Cultural tourism is one of the growing areas of tourism, which is a good option for development in areas that have potential in this subject. In this paper, presented by descriptive-analytic method and its data gathering tool is the use of documentary study, the interaction of cultural tourism and cultural globalization has been investigated. For this purpose, after examining culture, cultural globalization and cultural tourism, the common and influential aspects of the two concepts of cultural globalization and cultural tourism are discussed. In the review, it has been shown that in some cases, in addition to existing subscriptions, these two concepts can, in addition to reinforcing, accelerating and modifying each other, neutralize the negative effects of each other.

Philosophizing is an attempt to conceptualize and question the “philosophy” of the existing phenomena. It is in response to such a question that the circle of concepts and, as a result, the scope of human thought becomes wider, and the conceptual world, common among humans, is created; a world in which understanding will be easier. The present study aimed to find the share of slow tourism in the philosophical subject of “slowness” using descriptive analytics and conducting library studies. In this study, it was attempted to illustrate the kinship of these two concepts through explaining the philosophy of slow tourism and philosophy of slow life, and to show that this style of tourism, although initially born of postmodern thinking, has deep traces in intellectual tradition of humans. Slow tourism is itself saturated by a philosophical trend called “slowness” and is itself a practice for a slow life that educates tourists for a life with slow philosophy in this world, both on their travels and in their lives.

Diversity in societies and businesses has become an important issue in recent years, which can create new opportunities as well as being challenging. Regarding tourism, due to the close intercultural relations in this industry, especially in relation to tourism businesses and the increasing number of multinational companies in the process of globalization of societies, the issue of diversity has become doubly important. Various studies have emphasized that diversity and its dimensions have different manifestations in different industries. Therefore, the present article examines the impact of globalization on labor and customer diversity and the need for diversity management specifically in the tourism industry and describes it as a systematic process.