نشریه سخن تاریخ
پیاپی 29 (بهار و تابستان 1398)

In the second half of the ninth century AH, Iranian society left behind a period of political instability. The tribal and primitive mentality, at this time, dominated the politic structure and was changing its conditions constantly. Governments and rulers of this time, under the influence of the widespread crisis of succession and for numerous rivals, engaged in a nonstop struggle for power. Based on the kilometric method, this article intends to statistically study the instability of Iranian governments in the second half of the ninth century.
Statistical analysis shows that the governments of this time are in a state of instability in indicators such as life amount, average reign of rulers, death method and average of life. Regarding to the life of the government, the two Turkoman dynasties, the Qaraquyunlu and the Aqquyunlu, ruled for 63 and 36 years, respectively, which are low numbers for a government. In terms of the average monarchy, the average of the 8 Timurid rulers in the second half of the ninth century was 7 years, and the average reign of the rulers of Aghquyunlu was 4 years. In terms of the manner of death, it should be said that more than half of the rulers of these governments have been killed. Of the eight Timurid rulers in the second half of the ninth century, four were killed, three of the four Qaraquyunlu rulers, and six of the eight Aghquyunlu rulers were killed in civil struggles. In a correlated relationship with these characteristics, the average life of the rulers of these states, was also low.

With the arrival of Muslim Arabs in Iran, Persian remained as the national language of Iranians. In fact, the rise of Islam and the domination of the Muslim Arabs, although gradually affecting all the morals, beliefs, sciences and customs of the Iranians, and for a long time the Arabic language became the office and scientific language of the Iranians, but this language could not become the official language of Iranians. During the Muslim conquest of Iran, the issue of translation got stronger, due to the interactions between the two sides. indeed, the history of this matter, dates back to before the conquests od Islam, and apparently in the court of Hirah, which belonged to the Sassanids, there were translators who were fluent in both Persian and Arabic. In the Islamic period and since the time of the Holy Prophet (PBUH), on the one hand, there were translators in different fields who translated the words of both sides, and on the other hand, translators, especially from the second century AH, tried to translate written works from Arabic to Persian. With the efforts of the translators, a number of works such as: Tarikh Tabari, Tafsir Tabari, Sawad al-Azam, Al-Baare'i fi Ahkam al-Nojoum, Al-Tawali', and Kalila and Dimna were translated from Arabic into Persian. This research intends to study the written and oral translations from Arabic to Persian in the first centuries of Islam up to the fourth century AH by descriptive-analytical method.

This article is on study the influence and position of the luties in the Iranian constitutional movement. The Luties have long been a special class with special morals and habits, and their actions were considered by the classes of the people. Luties were present in many events due to their characteristics such as courage and due to their position among the people. The present study analyzes the role and position of Luties in constitutional events and the reasons for their participation and motivations in political processes. Findings show that the inherent characteristics of Lotians, organized organization and their relations with the centers of power, have been important reasons for their presence in the constitutional riot.

Seimara city or nowadays darreshahr, which according to historical sources in the pre-Islamic period is called Mehregan Kadag or in the language of the Arabs Mehrjan Ghazaq, is located in western Iran. Simin Lakpour, in his book Archaeological Excavations and Studies in the city (Seimara), comments on the location of this city and provides reasons to consider it as the city of Ibn Habira from the Umayyad period and Hashemite in the Abbasid period. The present study intends to refute this claim in a historical way and based on Islamic texts and geographical sources, and by presenting the historical geography of each three mentioned cities, to show their separation. According to the results of this study, the mentioned cities are not in the same geographical location. The results show that the city of Seimara is the capital of Mehrjan-e-Ghazaq province, from the Sassanid period and later a city from Jabal province and in the northern part of Khuzestan province with agricultural livelihood model. besides Ibn Habira is another city from the Umayyad period and between Baghdad and Kufa and with the model of livelihood is based on trade and commerce and most likely agriculture. And finally, the city of Hashemiya is a city attributed to Abu al-Abbas Saffah from the Abbasid period and its approximate location is probably very strong in Anbar region and most likely near Kufa. Therefore, the location of the cities: Ibn Habira and Hashemiya in the city of Darreshahr(Seimara) cannot be confirmed based on the studies.

Mohammad Hassan khan Etemad-al-Saltane is one of the historians of the Qajar era. Whereas he was in shah court, he has gathered significant points of politician’s life, social situation, political jobberies and hidden issues in a book as the name Memories journal. whereas it is doubtful whether other works called by him are his own writings or not, in this article, to identify the thoughts of Etemad-al-Saltana, Memories journal is considered.
The findings of this study are based on the historical method and the description and analysis of Etemad-al-Saltana's ideas in the book of Memories journal and indicate that despite his familiarity with Western civilization and the prevalence of Enlightenment in Iran, in the field of social thought, he has a traditional viewpoint. As his thought on the king was that Shah is the shadow of God on earth. Etemad-al-Saltana, in the political field, disagree any change and considers any reform as maintaining the present situation. His political views on the law, dictatorial rule, religious rule, and the granting of liberty to the people are some of the examples in which he expresses this idea. On the other hand, his ideas in the field of economics also led to an increase in wealth, income, savings and no outflow of capital from the country, which in this article, we will analyze and explain these cases.

The lack of methodical research in historical geography and the mixing of local history with it, has always been opposed by historians in Iran, and a solution to this problem, has not yet been proposed. The present article tries to explain the problem in a descriptive-analytical way and then speaks about historical GHS (HGIS) as a solution for it. GIS is a newfound computer tool used in many sciences, including geology, geography, and mapping. Due to the usage of this system in geography and due to the commonality of geography and history in historical geography, this tool can be used in geographical studies related to the past. However, although this system has been used in many sciences for some time, until the last decade of the 20th century, many historians and researchers in the field of historical geography, did not know anything about its capabilities in historical studies. Aware of the ability of this system in the past geographical analysis, a new branch of it, was formed called the Historical Geographic Information System (HGIS). The system, by drawing fixed and dynamic maps as well as three-dimensional images and showing the topography of the scene and the elements involved in it, visualizes the geography of historical events in front of the view of the historian and thus, provides everything for clarifying historical events.

The rise of the Safavids and the actions they do to promote the Twelver Shiite religion, makes many changes in various cultural and social fields of Iran. One of the important developments in the culture is related to the style of historiography. This change is not in the appearance, but in the content and themes raised in the works of historians of this period. Many historians came to the fore during this period who had strong Shiite beliefs and at the same time supported the Safavids as promoters of this religion. Abdi Beig Shirazi was one of these historians who considered the support of the Imami Shiite religion and the Safavid rule together. In this research, by collecting library data, we will try to examine the causes and how to combine the support of the Twelver Imami Shiite religion and the Safavid dynasty in the book Takmela al-Akhbar by Abdi Beig Shirazi, as the main issue of this research. It seems that the most important factor of this two-sided supporting in Abdi Beig's work is the religious beliefs of its author and an attempt will be made to show a suitable image of Abdi Beig's position in this research by descriptive-analytical method.

The third century AH is one of the most important periods in terms of writing works and the formation of geographical ideologies. Attention to economic issues, livelihood method and specific products of each region is one of the important characteristics of the works of this period, especially Ibn al-Faqih. Ibn al-Faqih, In his work, while introducing the goods and specific products of each region, has expressed views about these products. He has regulated the views of geographers of the past in the field of economic issues and has influenced the type of writing of geographical works and the method of paying attention to the economy and products of each region in the fourth century. The present research uses a descriptive-analytical method and by seeing available sources and references, while expressing the economic view of Ibn al-Faqih, studies his influence on the geographers of the next century. The findings of this study show that not only some third century geographers were influenced by Ibn al-Faqih, but also his method and perspective influenced the method of fourth century geographers.

Mohammad Massoud's position in the history of contemporary Iranian journalism is well known.

But his stories have not yet been considered and studied. Using the method of literary criticism and historical research, this article has tried to answer the question whether Massoud's fictional works can be considered as a realistic narrative of the Iranian society in Reza Shah period and accordingly accepted it as an unofficial narrative of the history of this period? The result of the research is that the stories of Mohammad Massoud are the mirror of a suffering society in which what goes under its skin is so different from what is trumpeted and propagated by government institutions. Although Massoud does not claim to be a historian, in his realist stories he presents an informal but realistic narrative of Iran in Reza Shah period that can be confirmed and accepted by evidences and other sources.

The Dome of the Rock is one of the oldest surviving historical monuments from the Umayyad period, which was built in 66 AH by the order of Abdul Malik bin Marwan (d. 86 AH). It is known that Abdul Malik's main purpose in building the dome on the honorable Rock was to prevent the people of Syria and Egypt from contacting Abdullah Ibn Zubayr, who ruled in Mecca and called on the people to pledge to him. The present study shows that Abdul Malik had other motives for building the Dome of the Rock, in addition to the mentioned reason; These include: capturing the hearts of the Jews of the Sham, countering the civilization-cultural supremacy of the Christian Romans, keeping alive the event of the Prophet's ascension, protecting the rock from climate change, and commemorating a trace of his reign. This article seeks to examine the reasons and motives of Abdul Malik for building the Dome of the Rock with a descriptive-analytical approach and criticizes them.

The vast land of China, especially East Turkestan, has long been the focus of Muslim historians and geographers, who in the first centuries of Islam devoted pages of their books to the description of this land. However, from the seventh century AH, the Mongol invasions of Islamic lands increased the attention of Persian Muslim writers to China. In fact, with the conquest of the Islamic lands and the conquest of China, the Mongols created a better connection between the Islamic lands and China. The successors of the Mongols in Iran, the Ilkhans and the Timurids, also established extensive relations with China. These geographers and historians have often provided business, political, and religious information about China. In this research, descriptively-analytically and using library resources and relying on Persian sources, Chinese cities are studied from the perspective of geographers and historians and this article seeks to answer the question that how Chinese cities be described in Persian sources.

According to history, the second Pahlavi period in the contemporary history of Iran has been one of the most eventful periods in which many individuals and personalities with different functions have played a role in political and historical events. Ms. Lambton, a graduate of Oriental Studies at the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom, was one of the most influential figures in shaping British policy toward Iran between 1320-1332. Her reports to her government over the years show a clear picture of British policy in the Middle East and Iran. The purpose of this study is to review the political role of Ms. Lambton in the contemporary history of Iran by reviewing articles and library resources and with a descriptive-analytical approach. The fact is that Ms. Lambton, as a thinker and aware politician about Iranian culture, during her years of mission, with her conscious behavior, has been an active member for the British to achieve their ambitions and British colonialism did not neglect from any interventionist action to protect its interests in competition with the German government