نشریه پژوهش ملل
پیاپی 57 (مهر 1399)

 With the Saudi-led coalition invading Yemen in 2016, political, social, and economic crises, and especially the worst humanitarian crisis began in the country. Accordingly, the United Nations has taken steps to resolve disputes peacefully, reduce the humanitarian crisis, and protect civilians. In this article, we discuss whether the UN measures have been effective in reducing the humanitarian crisis in Yemen. In this regard, efforts have been made to examine the role of key UN bodies such as the Security Council and the Secretariat, UN subsidiaries such as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), as well as specialized UN agencies such as the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization. Finally, the findings show that the performance of the United Nations through its subsidiary bodies and specialized agencies and sub-agencies of the Secretariat has been effective in reducing the humanitarian crisis in Yemen, but the Security Council has not been able to take significant action in this regard.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the discourse of the political place of women in Ahmadinejad’s and Rouhani’s administrations, and through a descriptive-analytical method, the present study seeks to answer this question: Regarding the change in the political situation of women during Mahmoud Ahmadinejad’s and Hassan Rouhani’s administrations, what discourses have been formed in the executive institutions of Iran, and according to this discourses, what is the place of women in this discourses? In answer to this question, the author believes that the discourse of fundamentalism in the Fifth Development Plan of Iran is in fact derived from the discourse of the Islamic Revolution of Iran and, more generally, from the discourse of Islamism and emphasis on the constitution, economic development, justice, religious and moral values and independence, and has a special focus on the political place of women; in contrast, reformist discourse in Iran's Third and Fourth Development Plans focuses on reform, political development, and civil society. Governments, according to their political discourse and views, have paid special attention to the issue of women's political place and have tried to apply their views to the women's employment by formulating new policies or implementing policies that have long been provided for in the laws, and that is why policies change with the change of governments and we do not see a steady trend in the women's employment in Iran. The Political System of the Islamic Republic of Iran consists of two discourses, and depending on the circumstances, one of them is the dominant discourse and the other is marginalized.

Establishing the legal regime of the Caspian Sea is one of the consequences of the collapse of the Soviet government and the succession of subsequent countries. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union in December 1991, despite the holding of nearly 40 expert meetings and four summit meetings and the signing of two documents on military security and environmental cooperation, the issue of establishing a comprehensive legal regime for the Caspian littoral states has faced challenges and problems. Moscow had prevented Iran from achieving its right by applying a decision-making model based mainly on the P4+1 (although the Baku-Ashgabat dispute still remains strong). In 2018, the Convention on the Legal Regime of the Caspian Sea was agreed upon by five countries, and many problems seemed to have been resolved, but the designation of an international authority in the event of a dispute between countries is one of the issues that has been ignored in this convention and its line of origin and delimitation has not been specified. One of the strengths of this convention is that it has put an end to the ambiguities and questions raised over the years and has introduced the Caspian Sea as a lake. However, it should be noted that commenting on the effectiveness of the Convention to clarify the situation in the Caspian Sea takes time.

In this descriptive and analytical article, using library and internet resources, attempts have been made to study the behavior of Saudi Arabia towards the Islamic Republic of Iran before and after the nuclear deal in the form of two approaches of defensive and offensive realism. There are some differences in the Saudi Arabia's foreign policy towards the Islamic Republic of Iran before and after the nuclear deal, which can be analyzed in the framework of both defensive and offensive realistic approaches. Prior to the Iran nuclear deal, Saudi Arabia, in line with its traditional and conservative approach, had adopted a policy of diplomatic support and cooperation with international pressures and sanctions against Iran. However, after Iran's nuclear deal with the P5+1, for a variety of reasons - including the impact of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPA) on increasing Iran's regional and economic power, as well as concerns about Saudi Arabia’s interests being ignored by the Barack Obama’s administration - Saudi Arabia has sought to pave the way for its regional supremacy by prioritizing an aggressive realistic approach in its foreign policy towards Iran, through shifting the balance of power in its favor (proximity to Israel), increasing economic power (2030 agenda and reducing dependence on oil), and finally establishing international legitimacy (domestic reforms).

Market-breaking and its special effects such as hoarding and underselling cause various disturbances in the economic system of a society. The study of related civil liability is one of the fields of study in all civilized societies. Examining the laws governing the market and the procedure for dealing with the violations contained in these laws has often confronted us with various ambiguities and shortcomings, which ultimately motivated us to write the current article. This article, based on a descriptive-analytical method, examines and explains civil liability, legal rulings, and market-breaking jurists, and examines existing theories in this field. Also, by examining different legal clauses, several crimes related to market breaking will be investigated. The final results of this article show that since the government penitentiary lacks due process, the ambiguity in the position of issuing security contracts, the right to arrest the accused, etc. has made these branches difficult to issue a sentence and execute it. Also, the lack of research resources and assistance for issuing strong opinions, confirms that the Tazirat Organization is not a knowledge-based organization and does not support researchers from this authority. Eventually, it becomes clear that the conflict of powers between the State Penitentiary Organization and other judicial and administrative authorities such as the General and Revolutionary Courts, Dispute Resolution Councils, primary boards of the medical system, etc., lead to the abuse of economic criminals and failure to take routine action.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between generation gap and social damage among secondary school students in Jahrom city in 1396. In this research, what is worth considering is the importance of paying attention to the generation gap between students. Theoretical framework and analytical model were presented using theorizing theorists such as Georg Zimmel, Peter Berger and Thomas Lackman, Ronald Inglehart, Eric Erickson, Jkline Goodnow and Vernal Bangstone. This research was conducted using a survey method. A questionnaire with formal and structural reliability and trust (Cronbach's alpha of over 86%) was used to collect information. The statistical population of the study consisted of 8360 high school students in Jahrom city. A total of 370 people were selected by cluster sampling using Cochran formula. Data were analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics and using statistical software, the information was arranged in the form of tables. The findings of the study indicated that effective variables could predict the generation gap with a coefficient of determination of 289% of the existing changes. Also, the age variable with .327 beta and gender variable with beta of .158 and religious variable with beta of 368 and The variable of father education with beta .313 and the variable of cultural capital with beta .427 and the variable of economic capital with beta .503 and the variable of media use with beta .272 were able to affect the generative gap variable and had the greatest impact on economic capital.

Providing a definition of "city" is a deceptively easy task, because each group of theorists has studied and defined the city in their own way, and as conditions changed, these definitions have changed in nature over time, but almost all of them agree on issues such as the causes of the emergence of the city, stating that economic, military, and religious reasons and overproduction are the most important factors caused the emergence of the first cities. In view of the above, it can be said that one of the contexts that seems appropriate and efficient to show urban life is the literary format of the novel. On the other hand, "the urbanism and urban nature of the novel requires that complex and diverse issues be raised in such an art, because the novel was created for urban life...." The present study descriptively-analytically examines the effects of urbanization on humans in the novel "Pigeon" and evaluates the impact of urban life on humans and their spirits from the author’s point of view. The findings of the study indicate that due to the change in the nature of memories and considering that the present age is the age of involuntary memory, today's urban man, who finds various stimuli - such as overcrowding, overcrowding, speed, etc. - available to him, involuntarily recalls memories that are often shared and universal.