نشریه اطلاعات جغرافیایی (سپهر)
پیاپی 37 (بهار 1380)

Military geography discusses special areas of military missions and, depending on scale and application, falls into the following four levels:1- Analysis of the battlefield (local-national scale)2. Analysis of war “scene” or context (on regional-continental scale)3. Political-military geography (on global and international scale)4. Thematic military geography

Today, there are probably few people not familiar with the technology of Geographic Information System or GIS. This technique has existed since the 1970s and following the introduction of hardware facilities into the world of science and technology, and was then used in the Canadian Department of Natural Resources Management and Planning. With the arrival of new facilities, which gave computers a legendary speed and capacity compared to their ancestors, a huge progress has occurred in this area so that utilization of GIS, or spatial information management, has entered different fields: vast arenas of natural resources including forests, pastures and water resources (such as the oceans, seas and lakes), and even the smallest parts of human life such as homes and cars.Considering the widespread application of this technique, whose scientific and theoretical aspects have overtaken its technical dimension, and the need of the enthusiasts to be aware of the advancements in this field, this paper, under the title “The Consortium of GIS Application for Water Resources with the Aim of Designing Object-Oriented Models” is translated from the source ARC News Vol.21 No.4-Winter: 199/2000; hopefully it will be useful for interested people.

Geography is a science that is of interest to all human beings; enthusiasts of geography are people who intend to leave isolation and consider their surroundings. They want to know their lives and have a human and constructive relationship with that environment and its people.If the sun did not set in the British Empire for several centuries, it was because the British kings had to learn seamanship and geography of the world and lands very well. The secret of the continuity of colonialism and dominance over colonies around the world was in these two points.Therefore, in order to increase information of the people of our community about different places in the country, we have decided to present some data concerning the natural status and characteristics of Golestan province to our dear readers. It is hoped that this act will be a step towards making our people more and more acquainted with natural potentials of our land, and an attempt in line with ever-more efforts and utilization of facilities for realization of independence and self-sufficiency of the country in all fields.

Is human being the only intelligent creature of this vast universe or are there other intelligent beings elsewhere? This question has always been raised by philosophers and people have given it different answers in each period of history. What is our answer to this question? Today, with the advent of technology and modern computers, astronomers have achieved successes in this field more than ever before.In this paper, findings of astronomers about the possibility of life in other areas are discussed. At first, Peter Stanley tried to consider this issue from a biological point of view. John Roland has introduced the findings of astronomers. Barry Jones pointed out that amateurs could also play a role in exploring intelligence in the universe beyond the earth, and, finally, Bill Rose looked at the question in another way and investigated about whether the earth had been ever met by intelligent creatures from another world, and also about recognition of flying saucers. The question now arises whether there are other intelligent beings other than human beings at a place in the universe.

Lake Mazandaran is one of the largest and most interesting lakes in the world and the most important fish and oil-rich mass of water in the world. The area of the lake is about 436,000 square kilometers and its volume is equivalent to 77,000 cubic km. Its form and level of salinity have changed many times in the history of geology, and it has finally become isolated and independent from other seas and gained the present form at the end of the Pliocene period.The Flora and Fauna study of this sea and examination of its biological, physical and chemical conditions have begun since the end of the eighteenth century in terms of heat and salinity changes and the amount of food products; these studies reached their climax in the late nineteenth century and numerous articles on this case have been published by Russian researchers. The animals and plants of this sea have different origins and patterns of dispersion; its endemic animals are the remains of organisms that lived in the Tethys Sea, and after the separation of the Caspian Sea from that sea they were confined there, but the great part of migratory beings came to this sea from the northern frozen seas or adjacent freshwater areas by rivers, and added to its limited aspects. Eventually a large number of the Black Sea and the Azov Sea creatures arrived and, gradually adapted to the new environment.Some of the plants of this sea live in the lower reaches of the sea, and some are suspended in water either motionless or with independent movements. Among the plants, especially those that are small and simple, there are many that have organs specifically for swimming, and can swim independently. Generally, three kinds of animals and plants live in this sea as follows:-Benthos: animals and plant that live at the bottom of the sea.- Nekton: animals with full swimming organs, such as fish.- Plankton: animals and small plants suspended in water.What follows in this summary is a glimpse into the origin of the plants and animals of this sea and how they evolved during the Pliocene and the fourth period.

For more than three decades, measurement of distance has been carried out during routine and normal surveying tasks. Today, thanks to advancements in computer technology, automatic collection and processing of large volumes of field data and laser fields have become possible. Short-distance laser 3D mapping systems that are derived from these advancements, have the ability to provide accurate computer models with great details from a wide range of objects including construction works, industrial complexes, works of art and architecture within very short periods of time. The authors of this paper discuss the operation and possibilities of systems for preparation of short-distance laser 3D mapping. They also compare the supporters and critics of this technique with the supporters and critics of photogrammetric system.

Aerial photos contain details of land features. A photo interpreter systematically reviews photos and regularly utilizes other auxiliary materials, such as maps and field observation reports. According to this study, interpretation is carried out according to physical nature of features and phenomena on the photos. Interpretation may be implemented at different levels of complexity: from simple recognition of phenomena on the earth to extraction of detailed information, considering the complexity of the interactions between surface and subterranean features.

Since ancient times, human being has endeavored to increase its knowledge of the planet on which it lives, though most of its natural phenomena contain complicated mysteries.When humans started farming on land, they began to learn about how the length of day and night are reduced or increased, and also about the general changes far from the earth's surface which causes the existence of years.

Nomadic lifestyle has a long history in Iran and the nomadic community is among the major producers of livestock in the country. Iran's nomadic society, although comprising only 2% of the population, contributes to the provision of a large part of the country's livestock production. A part of Zagros Highlands in Isfahan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari and Khuzestan provinces are located within the Bakhtiari dominions; the Bakhtiari community, with about thirty-five thousand households and less than three million livestock, possessing 10.7% of rangelands of the country, is one of the most famous nomadic communities in Iran. The Muri and Qandali tribes from Durki Bab Il, are one of the seven famous Haft Lange-Bakhtiari tribes, some of which are located in the villages of Bazoft and Doab Samsami in the cities of Farsan and Ardal, and other ones still live and practice livestock breeding in the Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari Summer residences and eastern Khuzestan’s winter settlements. The economy of these clans was originally based on livestock breeding, then agriculture, crafts and trade; in recent decades, due to many economic, social and cultural problems, they have spontaneously tended to settle. Research has shown that the nomads of the region are so struck by economic and livelihood difficulties that they have chosen to settle despite their renowned patience.In this article, the author intends to study and analyze some corners of the economic-livelihood bases of the Bakhtiari tribes by using field, descriptive and analytical research methods, and to provide courses of action for planning the development of lives of the region’s nomads, elimination of socio-economic constraints in their lives and utilization of positive environmental potentials of the region.