فصلنامه خانواده و پژوهش
سال هفدهم شماره 3 (پاییز 1399)

This study sought to predict identity styles based on the relationship between perceived parenting and girls’ negative attitude towards their fathers. The research method was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of the study comprised all 11th graders and pre-university students enrolled in public schools in Karaj in 2015-16 school year. Utilizing multistage cluster sampling method, a total number of 230 students were selected. Then, the participants responded to Identity Style Inventory (Berzonsky, 1992), Parental Perception Questionnaire (Schaefer), and Childchr('39')s Attitude toward Father Scale (Hudson, 1992). For the purpose of data analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate hierarchical regression were used. The results demonstrated that there was a significant, negative association between girlschr('39') negative attitude toward father and informational and normative identity styles; whereas a significant, positive correlation was observed between negative attitudes toward father and diffuse-avoidant identity style. Furthermore, the results showed that from among the dimensions of perceived parenting (love-rejection, control-freedom), only control-freedom dimension could positively predict informational and normative identity styles. On the other hand, love-rejection dimension could negatively predict diffuse-avoidant identity style. Accordingly, it can be stated that the more positive the girls’ attitude toward their fathers, the more likely they will be successful in finding true identity. It was also found that parental control played a significant role in the development of positive identity.

Cultural divergence is incongruity in the values, attitudes and behaviors among different generations of a society. Identifying factors related to cultural divergence in the social values ​​of parents and children is one of the most important issues in Iranian society, which has been investigated in the present research through a quantitative approach. The statistical population of the study comprised all families in Tehran whose members aged 15 to 60 years old. For the purpose of sampling, multistage cluster sampling method was used and 384 individuals (202 parents and 182 children) were selected. The instruments consisted of Social Values ​​Divergence Questionnaire (Schwartz, 2006), Mass Media Use Scale, Religiosity Questionnaire, Socioeconomic Status Questionnaire, and Parenting Styles Questionnaire. The obtained data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression analysis. The results showed that mass media use, the improved socioeconomic status, and permissive and authoritarian parenting styles were positively associated with cultural divergence among parents and children, while religiosity and authoritative parenting style were negatively correlated with cultural divergence among parents and children. In addition, the results of multivariate regression analysis showed that about 44.5% of the variance in cultural divergence among parents and children could be explained by the predictor variables. Thus, it can be concluded that the ongoing expansion of the mass media, the improved parental socioeconomic status, and permissive and authoritarian parenting styles lead to profound cultural divergence across generations and, conversely, enhanced religiosity and authoritative parenting style can be associated with the possibility of diminishing cultural divergence.

The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of Families and Schools Together Program (FAST) on social, general and parenting self-efficacy of first graders’ parents in Tabriz. This quasi-experimental study had a pretest-posttest control group design. The statistical population of the study consisted of the parents of all first graders enrolled in public schools in Tabriz in 2018-19 school year. For the purpose of sampling, purposive sampling method was utilized and 40 families were selected. These families were assigned to an experimental (20 families) and a control group (20 families). During the study, the experimental group took part in the Families and Schools Together Program for eight 2.5-hour sessions and the control group did not receive any intervention. The analysis of covariance showed that the experimental group’s social, general and parenting self-efficacy increased dramatically (p<0.05). Hence, it can be concluded that participating in Families and Schools Together Program has the potential to increase social, general and parenting self-efficacy.

This research set out to find out the mate selection criteria among single female teachers. This qualitative study was carried out via thematic analysis approach. Using purposive sampling method, 15 single female teachers aged 18 to 30 years old were identified in Tehran and fifteen semi-structured interviews were conducted. The interviews were recorded, transcribed and then were analyzed using the thematic analysis method. Data analysis resulted in identifying two main categories of individual criteria with six subcategories (personality, appearance, age, education, religious and economic criteria) and background criteria with four subcategories (cultural and political criteria, values, criteria related to the spousechr('39')s family). The findings of the study can improve the insight of single female teachers into marriage criteria and pave the way for accelerating the process of marriage.

Autism is a chronic psychiatric disorder in which social relatedness is profoundly affected. The parents of afflicted children as the main caregivers mostly suffer from the situation. This study aimed at investigating the economic status, social status, coping styles, personality traits and mental health in the parents of children with autism. This cross-sectional, descriptive-analytic study was carried out among the parents of children with autism spectrum disorder in Tabriz.  In 2018-19 school year, ninety parents whose children were diagnosed by a psychiatrist according to DSM.5 criteria were recruited through convenience sampling method. The instruments included NEO Questionnaire, Socioeconomic Status Questionnaire, Coping Styles Questionnaire (Billings and Moos) and SCL-25. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and analysis of variance with SPSS-16 software. The parents had a low socioeconomic status, a moderate degree of mental difficulties, but they were responsible and accountable for their performance. In addition, they had problem-oriented coping styles. The attention of health system policymakers and therapists to economic problems and mental health of such parents is mandatory.

The religious education of Iranian teenagers as the fourth generation of the Islamic Revolution is so vital that the Supreme Leader dedicated significant parts of the strategic statement on "The Second Phase of Islamic Revolution" to this section of the society as those who build the future. Considering the undeniable role of the media in forming beliefs and values of the audience in the communication age, IRIB as the national media has to be aware of the audience’s religious needs (especially teenagerschr('39')) and challenges of their religious education. The present research aimed at studying the obstacles to religious education of teenagers with an emphasis on the Supreme Leaderchr('39')s statements and presenting media solutions to confront them. This is a qualitative research based on the grounded theory method using interviews with experts who were chosen by theoretical purposive sampling. The interviews were transcribed and the key concepts and categories were identified. According to the findings, the main challenges of the religious education of teenagers are: weak religious beliefs in families and weak family interrelations, certain age-related issues, issues related to schools, peer groups and society, media issues and challenges, inconsistencies among families and schools in religious issues, the financial and cultural poverty in families, different kinds of addiction and individual and social harms in families. The results revealed that media can apply indirect methods to convey effective educative messages and provide appropriate behavioral patterns aiming at enhancing familieschr('39') interrelations (especially between parents and children) and reinforcing religious beliefs among the audience.

This research was undertaken to investigate the impact of Barkley’s Parent Training Program on the improvement of the mother-child relationship among anxious primary school students in Farsan County, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province. This quasi-experimental study had a pretest-posttest control group design. The instruments included the Spence Childrenchr('39')s Anxiety Scale (SCAS) (1997) and Child-Parent Relationship Scale (CPRS) (Pianta, 1992) (with three subscales of proximity, dependency and conflict). First, SCAS was administered to screen primary school students in Farsan in 2016-17 school year for anxiety. In the next step, multi-stage random sampling method was utilized to select 30 individuals. These students were assigned to an experimental (N=15) and a control group (N=15). Before administering the intervention and training mothers, the subjects of both groups took the Child-Parent Relationship Scale as pretest. Then, the experimental group received Barkley’s Parent Training Program for 10 sessions, whereas the control group did not receive any intervention. After training mothers, the CPRS was administered to both experimental and control groups as posttest. The results of MANCOVA indicated that Barkley’s Parent Training Program improved the parent-child relationship (F= 28.27; P=0.000). The findings revealed that this program had a positive effect on all three subscales of proximity, dependence, and conflict and it resulted in their improvement.

This study was conducted to compare the social adjustment of the mothers with transsexual children with that of mothers with normal kids in order to find out the negative impacts of having a trans child on social adjustment of mothers. This research had a causal-comparative design. The statistical population of the study comprised mothers with trans children referred to Tehran Psychiatric Institute as well as mothers of normal kids studying at Sina Educational Center, Tehran. The study sample included 80 mothers (40 mothers having trans children and 40 mothers having normal kids studying at middle and high schools). In the present study, the Weissman & Paykel Social Adjustment Scale was utilized which probed social adjustment in six role areas comprising daily work, social and leisure activities, relationships with extended family, role as a marital partner, parental role, and role within the family unit, including perceptions about economic functioning. The result showed that there was a significant difference between social adjustment of mothers with trans children and that of mothers with normal kids (P=0.001). Results of one-way ANOVA demonstrated that there was no significant relationship between the demographic variables, i.e., children’s age, mothers’ age, the length of marriage, mothers’ education level, number of children, and birth order, and social adjustment of mothers with trans kids. Based on the research findings, it can be stated that the social adjustment of mothers with trans children is lower than that of mothers with normal kids.