فصلنامه تحقیقات حشره شناسی
سال یازدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 44، زمستان 1398)

Ethion is a broad-spectrum pesticide commonly used for control of insects on pistachio (Pistacia vera L.). The extensive use of pesticides on pistachio fruits has raised concerns about pesticide residues.  In this study, used UV radiation and TiO2 photocatalyst as decomposing agent to evaluate the rate of ethion degradation . The experiment in two modes,ethion spray on filter paper and pistachio fruit was conducted. Based on a series of pre-tests, the   Filter papers were treated with ethion,they were exposed to radiation inside the reactor at  appropriate time(5,10 and 20 hour).then pesticide residues were determinded on them.ethion degradation percentage respectively were(9.29,24.77and33.49%)at desired time.Additionally, two UV lamps in absence or presence of TiO2(200 mg/mL) were used to degradade ethion residue from pistachio fruits. All treatments had moderate efficiency for ethion removal from both filter papers and pistachio fruits. The efficiency was positively affected by time of exposure, number of UV light sources, and presence of TiO2. Although, this study showed the potential of UV radiation and TiO2 for ethion degradation from pistachio fruits, further studies are needed to optimize the experimental condition for enhancing the degradation efficiency.

The most common stored pests of date palm in Khuzestan province are Ephestia kuehniella Zeller and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Linnaeus). Considering the importance of using microbial control agents in the integrated management of date palm pests, the interaction of these pathogens on control of these pests was investigated. In this study, we investigated the lethal concentration, compatibility and interaction effects of Bacillus thuringiensis and pathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana on populations of two species of pest. For this purpose, after larvae infestation using selective isolates tested and 10 days elapsed using combined cumulative mortality data of 50 and 99% for saw-toothed beetle larvae and the flour moth was calculated. Among the tested cases, the lowest LC50 was for M. anisopliae on moth larvae with 3.49×103 spores/ml. The highest amount of LC50 belonged to B. thuringiensis on saw-toothed beetle larvae equivalent to 2.69× 104 spores/ml. The highest mortality time of 50% for B. thuringiensis was 7.07 days. The lowest time of 50% lethality was 4.69 days for saw-toothed beetle larvae affected by B. bassiana. Spores of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae at all concentrations showed good computability with B. thuringiensis On the other hand, with increasing concentration of B. thuringiensis, the amount of compatibility index decreased. B. thuringiensis had synergistic effects in all treatments but the highest synergistic effect was observed in LC50 B. bassiana + LC50 Bt mixing on moth egg. Given the high compatible potential of B. bassiana and Bt, the possibility of exploiting this synergy is highly efficient to produce biocontrol.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of silicon and its formulations on biological parameters and Tetranychus urticae sphincter density on five bean cultivars. The research is a laboratory study that was carried out in a factorial design (first factor Bean cultivar and second type of silicone consumed). The tested bean cultivars consist of five varieties of red bean, black bean, white, black and white beans. For the experiment, for each bean variety, 20 pots are considered (totally 100 pots). The silicon compounds used in the experiments include silicone fluid fertilizer, liquid potassium silicate, powder calcium silicate. From each of 20 pots of a bean cultivar, 5 pots were considered as controls, and 5 pots of liquid potassium silicate, 5 pots of powdered calcium silicate and finally on the last 5 pots of liquid fertilizer based on silicon. . Then 10 leaves of each pot are placed in a petri dish and placed on the leaves of 50 equally male and female mats, and the petri dishes are incubated at 25 ± 5 ° C and The relative humidity was 60 ± 10%. Then, in 18 days, the number of adult mites on the back and back of each leaf of each petri and the number of eggs on the back and back of them were counted with anatomical microscope, and the biological parameters and survival percentage of each stage of growth The available varieties of each bean variety were studied under a special silicone composition until the death of the last mite. SPSS-23 software was used for data analysis and Excel charts were used to draw tables charts. The results indicate that the most effective use of silicon and formulations in bean breeding, including siliciculous liquid fertilizer, liquid potassium silicate, powdered calcium silicate, has been shown to decrease the survival or survival ratio and life expectancy and decrease Turning eggs into larvae, and turning larvae into nymphs, and turning nymphs into mites.

The green lacewing, Chrysoperlacarnea Stephens (Neo.,Chrysopidae) is one of most important predators of aphids, mealybugs, thrips and whiteflies. Moreover, fed on egg, young larvae and pupa of lepidopterons and mites but when chemical treatment on various insect pests, the green lacewing is also influenced by different agricultural pesticides. In current study, lethal effects of three insecticides; clothianidin, tebufenozide and flupyradifurone on egg, 2nd and 3rd instar larvae and pupae of green lacewing, C. carnea were evaluated. Bioassay of egg and pupa of green lacewing with dipping method but 2nd and 3rd instar larvae with contact method were carried out. All experiments were conducted at controllable conditions of 25±1 °C, 65±5 % and a photoperiod 16: 8 h (L: D). The results revealed that LC50 of clothianidin, tebufenozide and flupyradifurone on egg were 23.41, 1048.95 and 774.95mg/lit; on 2nd instar larvae were 12.47, 476.64 and 761.78mg/lit; on 3rd instar larvae were 23.47, 490.35 and 855.09mg/litand on pupal stage were 37.41, 1401.95 and 796.82mg/lit. In the pre-puberty phases, the clothianidin insecticide had the most negative effect compared to the tebufenozide and flupyradifurone insecticides.Thus, based on results of this study, conclude that from insecticides tebufenozide and flupyradifurone can be utilized in program of IPM under application green lacewing.

Mulberry whitefly Aleuroclava jasmini sensu lato is the most important pest of trees in recent years in Tehran. Many plants have physiological and behavioral effects, such as repellency and deterioration of pests. Their effects were first evaluated with direct planting of plants Rosmarinus officinalis, Lavandula angustifolia and Pelargonum hortorum, and the method of establishment of Mulberry whitefly on them. In this research, with the release of Mulberry whitefly in wooden cages under controlled conditions for three days, the number of adult and egg whitefly laying on the leaves of the plants listed in a completely randomized design with four replications was investigated. Based on the results, the level of pest deposition on the tested plants was lower than the control. Also no egg was observed on any of the treatments. Therefore, these plants, in addition to preventing the laying of pests, have a good repellency and deterrent effect and can be used as a control solution in urban green space.

Red palm weevil (RPW)Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olive. (Col,: Dryophthoridae) is the most important and most dangerous pest under the internal quarantine law in Iran. larvae cause the death date palms by feeding the tissues (vines) and emptying the trunk. Pest control chemical methods (spray, injection, fumigation and soil, irrigation pesticide application) are part of integrated pest management programmes. This research was conducted to investigate the efficacy insecticide Flupyradifurone20% with trade names Sivanto® and injection device (5cc automatic syringe, initiated and re-designed by the author) and injection trunk technique for controlling red palm weevil in randomized complete block design with four treatment and four replications. The results showed there was a significant difference between the treatments for the dead and live larvae and adult at 1% level. So Flupyradifurone20% treatments with concentration of 100ml (20gr active ingredient) injection with 100ml water and Flupyradifurone20% with concentration of 100ml (20gr active ingredient) injection rates the average of 9.7 and 8.3 per palm tree, respectively had the most effect on controlling the larvae in compared to Confidor35% injection and spray Flupyradifurone20% on the trunk. Experimental results showed that injection of the pesticide into a trunk is a suitable and effective method for controlling RPW and device 5cc automatic syringe can be used for injection into the trunk.