مجله جامعه شناسی ایران
سال بیستم شماره 4 (پیاپی 66، زمستان 1398)

According to various statistics, researches, and polls, the rate of law-breaking in Iran is high. In this study, we seek to identify the factors affecting the violation of the law among the provinces of Iran. The theoretical framework of the research is based on theories of deviance and social development. Also, the explanatory factors of law-breaking were divided into two categories: attitudinal factors and structural factors. Then, Chalabi's theory of behavior function has been used to identify and explain combinations of factors affecting the law-breaking among the Iranians. Our research approach was the comparative-fuzzy analysis and due to the thematic and theoretical scope of the study, we used the secondary data analysis technique. The data were analyzed with the use of SPSS and FSQCA software. Based on the results, by examining the causal conditions affecting lawlessness in all provinces of the country, two paths (combination) leading to a tendency towards law-breaking were observed. In the first path, four conditions of the tendency to low order, social confusion, literacy, and unemployment rate combined led to a tendency towards breaking the law. However, in the second path, we had the five conditions of feeling justice, the tendency to low order, social confusion, literacy, and urbanization. Also, the total compatibility coefficient in these two causal paths was equal to 0.95. This compatibility with a coverage index of 0.59 indicates the theoretical and experimental importance of these two paths.

The increasing trend of female labor force participation and women’s employment has been identified as one of the most significant characteristics of contemporary societies, which reflect the revolution in gender roles. Historically and globally, a positive attitude towards women’s employment has played a crucial role in a substantial increase in female labor force participation. Accordingly, this study aims to examine the patterns and determinants associated with attitudes towards women’s employment. The research sample includes 5200 males and females aged 15 years old and over residing in the selected urban and rural areas of Iran. Generally speaking, the results of this analysis indicate that although the importance and priority of women’s employment remain behind education and marriage for women, the majority of the respondents have positive attitudes towards women’s employment. However, this general pattern is significantly affected by religiosity and demographic determinants such as age, gender, rural-urban places of residence, marital status, and education.

The process of modernity in Iran has had important effects, including changing the structure of the family and marriage. Examination of longitudinal data shows an increase in marriage age, an increase in the percentage of men and women who have never married at the age of marriage, a decrease in the marriage rate, a decrease in fertility rate, and an increase in the divorce rate. This process is more prevalent among educated youths. In this research, using the survey technique, a comparative analysis has been done to explain the attitude of university students and Tollabs to marriage, as educated groups.The results showed that the percentage of attitude to marriage among the group of students and the group of Tollab was 64% and 92% respectively. Among the factors affecting the dependent variable (attitude to marriage), internal barriers, benefits of marriage, and external barriers have had the greatest impact on the explanation. According to the regressions performed in the group of students (75.9% girls, 78% boys) and in the Tollab group (77.2% girls and 58.8% boys), the dependent variable has been explained.

This paper aims to study the construction of women identity by poststructuralist approach and Foucault's method of archeology. According to the findings, the historical period of Constitutionalism to the end of Pahlavi the first, which is regarded as the process of modernity in Iran, is considered as the creation of female issues and women identity in Iran. The three main discourses -political sovereignty, religious, and intellectual discourses - had influenced the construction of women identity by using law and force,  interpreting verses and hadiths, and publishing books and magazines respectively. However, each of the three discourses tried to give a solid definition of femininity and women identity in Iran by defining a border with the other discourses and seeing them as "the other" one and attempting to suppress the individuality. Meanwhile, the representatives of the discourse of women's resistance have attempted to be heard using feminine narratives and a combination of identical factors of Iranian nationalism, the Shiite branch of Islam, and modern concepts like freedom, equality, and progress. In addition, these representatives weaken the dominance of the discourses and present their subjectivity.

National pride, as a kind of positive feeling towards the nation-state and national attachment, can be a type of national loyalty. For this reason, this concept has attracted constant researchers' attention. The purpose of this article was to measure the political and cultural dimensions of national pride in Kashan city and determine some of the factors affecting it. This research has carried out a quantitative method and the survey technique. To this end, 574 citizens of Kashan, aged 18 years and over, were selected by a multistage cluster sampling method and interviewed in person using a structured questionnaire. The findings indicate that the national pride and national cultural pride of the citizens of Kashan is somewhat above average, but their national political pride is slightly lower than the average. Additionally, the variables of age, the use of national media, optimism /pessimism for the country's future, social discrimination, and political attitudes are factors influencing national pride. In a general conclusion, it can be said that national pride as an important indicator of national attachment is influenced by economic, social, and political conditions to a significant extent.