نشریه پژوهش ملل
پیاپی 58 (آبان 1399)

Sanctions are one of the international coercive tools for forcing governments to change their behavior. In fact, this tool is based on the denial of the principle of equality of states, and is a tool that one or more countries apply against a country and ask it to make fundamental changes in its structures, norms and behaviors. Since its inception, the Islamic Republic of Iran has been subject to unilateral sanctions by the United States and its Western allies, and today it is subjected to the harshest sanctions. These economic sanctions have many adverse effects on citizens by affecting various aspects of human rights. These kinds of sanctions violate the principle of peaceful coexistence in international relations, which requires respect for the political principles of international law, namely equality of rights, non-interference, cooperation and friendship, respect for the independence and territorial integrity of states among members of the international community. Undoubtedly, the US unilateral sanctions are contrary to the guarantee of world peace and security, the solidarity of nations, the recognition of the right to self-determination and the non-use of force in international relations in the light of the UN Charter. In this study, using the analytical-descriptive method, it is explained that the unilateral economic sanctions of the United States and even the sanctions imposed within the framework of the Security Council, have violated various aspects of the rights contained in international human rights documents - including the right to life – and it has greatly affected the level of education, welfare and health in areas such as the right to work, food, desirable living standards, development, self-determination, and so on.

Iraq's military aggression against Iran, known as the imminent war, began on September 31, 1980, and lasted for eight years. This war, for various reasons, affected the interests of different governments. The Arab governments that were around the center of the conflict were influential at the beginning and end of it. Therefore, this research seeks to answer this key question by examining the external behavior of Arab governments during the imposed war "What effect did the foreign behavior of Arab governments have on the beginning and end of the imposed war?" The findings show that the foreign behavior of most Arab governments at the beginning and end of the imposed war was influenced by the developments in the field of war, Arab nationalism, and western and eastern policies in direct and indirect association with the Iraqi Ba'ath Party, largely due to the identity component. This led to the war, the continuation of the war, and the imminent infliction of financial and military losses on Iran. Explaining the performance and positions of Arab governments during the imposed war is one of the most important goals of this research. The raw materials of this article have been collected using specialized texts related to this research and have been discussed and analyzed by descriptive and analytical method.

International relations as a scientific phenomenon has several pillars, one of which is culture as the beliefs, traditions and habits of each nation, such a way that one group of international relations theorists, including Huntington, sees culture as a cause of international tensions, while another group sees culture as a cause of international convergences. Therefore, now that the field of culture and cultural issues is considered as an important pillar of international relations in the international system arena, it is necessary to study the function of culture in international relations with a scientific view. So, in this article, the aim is to find the answer to the question that what is the special function of culture as the most fundamental characteristic of any nation in the context of the international system and the field of international relations? Therefore, we have collected the materials using a library method and studied them in a descriptive-analytical manner. Finally, we found that culture, due to its interaction with globalization, has led to the reinforcement of soft power, facilitation of international trade, rapid exchange and internationalization of science, rapid transmission of news, and some other results in international relations.

 The present article seeks to explain the role of foreign policy of governments (especially microstates) in increasing their international power and influence. To this end, by studying foreign policy as a tool to achieve national goals as well as its source, namely power, this article seeks to answer the question of how microstates like Qatar can set their foreign policy in such a way that they take a step towards achieving their national goals - despite the lack of strong military power and coercion. In answer to this question, in the first part, this study will examine their evolution over time while examining the concepts needed for research, such as their national goals, power, foreign policy, and objectives and tools, such as diplomacy. In the second part, Qatar's foreign policy and public diplomacy adopted by the government are examined and it is concluded that Qatar's diplomacy and foreign policy towards creating a national brand and a positive image of the country in the region and also in the world has enabled a small, microstate to increase its power and secure its national goals through public diplomacy and by engaging public opinion as a new concept of power.

Murder is one of the most important forbidden behaviors and is considered a crime in all human societies, because its result is the deprivation of the most important God-given capital of a human being: his/her life. Intentional killing, like other crimes, has pillars and elements as a result of which this criminal phenomenon arises. One of the main pillars of intentional killing is the existence of a living person, and this crime will not be committed until this element is existed. In order to commit intentional killing, in addition to the material and legal element, a psychological (spiritual) element is also needed, which is the murderer’s criminal intent. From the point of view of Islamic jurisprudence, special importance has been given to intentional killing. Intentional killing, in addition to being a public crime, is an individual and personal crime. The punishment for intentional killing is retribution. But what is certain is that Shiite jurists and thinkers of Islamic law, with a little disagreement, has divided crimes against humanity into intentional, pseudo-intentional and pure error, and this division has been in accordance with Iranian law. The present study was conducted by descriptive-analytical method and in a comparative study of Iranian law and Imami jurisprudence, it was concluded that there is a lot of agreement between them and except in limited cases, legal materials are taken from Imami jurisprudence.

Pronunciation is one of the most important parts of learning any language. Certainly without sufficient pronunciation ability, even if you have lexical, grammatical and other language skills, communication, comprehension and understanding will not be possible. The pronunciation quality of letters and sentences can play an important role in the auditory comprehension of both parties. The inability to pronounce, especially in adults, is manifested by the interference of the phonetic rules of the first language in the accent of the mother tongue. This indicates the main problem and the low ability of the person. The main issue is that teaching pronunciation is considered a skill in language learning. This skill strengthens language skills. Pronunciation skills and language skills are complementary. The method of data collection is documentary and the use of library resources is based on qualitative analysis. The aim of this study is to show the importance of pronunciation education in language learning. Due to the complexity of the nature of pronunciation, many teachers easily skip pronunciation teaching; or they pay less attention to it. Failure to teach pronunciation, for foreign language learners and even native learners, over time, words become incorrectly fixed in their minds. It is not easy to correct this wrong habit. Proper pronunciation training plays an essential role in understanding people's interaction. Acquiring pronunciation skills, along with language skills textbooks, is easily possible. Teaching listening, speaking, reading and writing skills is one of the ways to teach pronunciation. By qualitative and linguistic analysis of language teaching theories, findings that are more useful for pronunciation teaching have been proposed. It is expected that pronunciation education will be given more attention by teachers in educational centers.

By highlighting and expressing the importance of comparative literature in monotheism, the present article depicts Islamic customs and their closeness to each other in all parts of the world. First of all, comparative literature acknowledges the universality of Islamic customs from the earliest days, and in this regard, the influence of Arabic customs on some other customs is also a good proof of this claim. The purpose of this article is to express the differences, similarities and the role of comparative literature in the monotheism in Islamic customs as well as depicting the literary possessions of different nations and the role of comparative literature in monotheism. This article deals with the issue of the origin and interaction between Arabic, Pashto and Dari Persian customs in the storytelling of the literates of the said literature in a comprehensive way. The story of Layla and Majnun has been selected as a literary example in the mentioned customs. Story literature is not specific to one nation or group, but it includes the mental and intellectual exudations of human beings all over the world. Findings show that the versions of Layla and Majnun story have many similarities in terms of the story and also in terms of the protagonist of the story in Arabic (Qays is Majnun’s counterpart in Arabic), Pashto and Persian literature, but they also have differences.