فصلنامه مطالعات امنیت اجتماعی
سال یازدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 63، پاییز 1399)

Societal security is a basic need of collective life and in its absence; social order, prosperity, collective life, feeling peace and tranquility will not be available in the social space. The present study is aimed to explain the sociology of citizens' societal security using meta-analysis method to answer the question:"What is the most important factor affecting citizens' social security in social researches conducted; and to what extent do they explain societal security?"

"The research mechanism for implementation the research is of meta-analysis – quantitative type. The purpose of this method is to integrate, systematically review and standardize studies conducted in a specific field of research. The statistical population was 95 studies. 84 samples of research documents were selected from among them in order to combine and identify its impact.

The research findings show that there is significant relationship between the level of using mass media, the level of using Internet, societal capital (social participation, social solidarity, social interaction, institutional trust, generalized trust, personal trust, sense of belonging to the neighborhood), perception of crime, social awareness, social control, social support, family support, social identity, satisfaction from police performance, trust in police, police efficiency and authority in the community, police oversight, police presence in the community, social disorder, social anomie, religiosity (doctrinal, ritual, emotional, consequential and empirical dimensions), economic security, relative deprivation, clothing style, age, education, physical disorder, safe social environment, positive self-assessment, risky lifestyle and socio-economic status with citizens' societal security. In total, the above variables have explained societal security: effect size = (0.378), Z = (5.761) and sig = (0.003).

The present study is aimed to investigate the impact of the role of relative deprivation (economic deprivation and societal deprivation) on the tendency of Tehrani citizens toward committing political violence. Since, over recent years, violent acts of citizens, especially in Tehran, is growing the sociological study of this phenomenon can be an important step toward recognizing the issue and making decisions based on scientific methods.

The present study, in terms of practical aim, is of explanatory-survey type. A self-made questionnaire was used to collect data. The population of this research includes all 18+ people resident in Tehran in 2020. The sample size was determined to be 1009 people, using SPSS sample power software. The samples of this research were selected using multi-stage cluster method. Following collecting information and entering data in SPSS, Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the variable of political violence, societal deprivation feeling and economic deprivation feeling were 0.78, 0.82 and 0.89, respectively. Statistical methods such as single variable analysis (Indicators of tendency toward focus and scattering) and structural equations modeling have been used.

The most important findings of the study indicate that economic deprivation feeling, did not directly influence the tendency toward political violence, and its impact on the dependent variable of the research (tendency toward political violence) indirectly makes sense through influencing social deprivation feeling. However, this level of impact is also very weak (the impact factor is 0.08). In contrast, social deprivation feeling with an impact factor of 0.29, has directly affected the tendency of citizens toward political violence. Economic deprivation feeling, with an impact factor of 0.28 has influenced social deprivation feeling.

The present study showed that growing social deprivation leads to tendency toward more political violence. It also came out that economic deprivation feeling does not directly affect the tendency toward political violence.

The present study is aimed at finding out to what extent (besides the positive impacts of virtual social networks) the content of immoral messages of Instagram social network affects social security? To be more precise, to what extent does the content of immoral messages on the virtual social network Instagram affect the social security through emphasizing the five intermediate impacts of "prostitution messages", "pornography", "illegitimate sexual relationships", "homosexuality", and "indecency"?

The present study, in terms of nature, is of descriptive-analytical type and in terms of purpose is of applied type. The statistical population of Instagram users resident in Tehran was considered to be approximately 4 million. Based on the Cochran sample size determination formula, 384 people were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling method. The validity of the questionnaire was assessed using face validity, and its reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha method and SPSS

The results showed that there is a significant relationship between immoral content of Instagram and social security. There is also significant relationship between content such as pornography with social security intensity of (2.3), prostitution with social security intensity of (2.12), illicit relationships with social security intensity of (2.71), indecency with social security intensity of (4.07), and homosexuality with societal security intensity of (2.76), and impact it.

The present study seeks to study the cultural and social threats of the media of the opponents and enemies of the Islamic Revolution of Iran. Nowadays, soft war through using mass media, especially radio and television and cyberspace, has been prioritized by the enemies of the Islamic Revolution in order to influence the public opinion of the Muslim nation of Iran. It is also aimed to affect national identity, weaken the national cohesion and national unity of the Iranians and their dominant ideology. In this regard, the present study is conducted with the aim of examining the role of the Islamic Republic of Iran's media in managing confrontation with cultural and social threats.

The present research is of quantitative and survey type and has been conducted using documentary techniques and Delphi technique and through obtaining the views of national media experts. In this regard, 50 experts and elites in the field of national media were selected from among experts and media elites using targeted accessible sampling method. Cronbach's alpha test was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. The overall alpha coefficient was 0.870, which seems to be statistically satisfactory.

The findings resulted from the analysis of the questionnaire filled in by managers and experts of national media indicate that the management model for dealing with cultural and social threats of national media is based on four dimensions (public opinion, sovereignty ideology, national identity and social cohesion).The results of data analysis indicate that the national media priorities in managing confrontation with cultural and social threats are: to strengthen the foundations of the ideology of sovereignty, to strengthen social cohesion, to strengthen the foundations of national identity and to shape the formation of public opinion, respectively.

Existence of security in every society requires measures to be taken by bodies such as police forces, which are responsible for establishing public safety and well-being across the community. The police force is tasked with dealing with anything that disrupts this security and collective peace. Meanwhile, the police force authority to protect citizens is among the most important and deterrent factors in compromising the citizens' security. The present study, which aims to investigate the impact of police authority on the security feeling among Ravansar's citizens, is a practical study in terms of purpose. The study is based on various theories such as Boozan and Weaver theory in measuring and analyzing the security feeling and Weber's view on authority, as a theoretical framework of research and the basis of hypotheses.

The method used in this research is field survey using survey technique, and questionnaire is the tool used for data collection. The statistical population of this study is 15+people in Ravansar in 2016. Based on Cochran's formula, 384 people were selected from among 57,500 people. The data collection tool is a self-made questionnaire. The police authority was measured in three dimensions using 26 items, and security feeling was measured using 20 items on the Likert scale. SPSS was used to analyze the data. Formal validity was used to estimate validity. To estimate reliability, Cronbach's alpha and research hypotheses were used benefitting from Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple regressions was used to measure the research model.

The results of multiple regression show that the two components of police authority level (legal-rational authority and traditional authority) have entered the regression equation and a total of 0.46 of the variable changes explain the citizens' security feeling. It can be argued that given the enhancement of police rational authority and traditional authority; we are to witness improvement in the citizens' security leve

Security should be considered as one of the most essential requirements of personal and social life. The absence of security in various aspects of human life would lead to irreparable consequences and dangers in all political, social, economic, and cultural spheres. One of the most important and fundamental instruments in the field of security refers to the role of media. The irreplaceable role of the media, especially the local broadcasting centers in drawing and determining the various dimensions of security is not hidden to anyone. Thus, the study of the different political and social effects of broadcasting center programs on people's sense of security especially in Khoozestan province as one of the most strategic provinces of Iran in the political, social, economic and cultural fields as well as Ahvaz city as one of the main metropolises of the country needs an ever increasing attention. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of socio-political function of Khoozestan Broadcasting Center on people's sense of security in Ahvaz metropolitan applying Structural Equation Modeling approach and Questionnaires as the instruments. To this end, 220 questionnaires were distributed among over 15 years old residents of different areas in Ahvaz and the obtained data were analyzed attentively. The results of the study indicated that the variables of informing, social modeling and social participation had significant effects on social trust. Also, the variables of social trust, social modeling, social tolerance, social interaction and social participation had positive and significant effects on social security

In the literature related to the study of plaza urban spaces, one of the important discussions is the impact of these spaces in improving or reducing the safety and security of citizens. The present article looks into the status of Ekbatan Street newly created plaza in Hamadan from the perspective of safety and security indicators. Because prior to the implementation of the plaza project, this street, while being one of the main streets and one of the tourist axes leading to the historic hill of Hegmataneh, had become a decaying and abandoned space. The present study seeks to answer the research questions with the aim of measuring the impact of plaza construction on the safety and security of urban centers.

This descriptive-analytical study was conducted through using a questionnaire and by designing the items of each indicator using the Likert scale method and by asking urban affairs experts and security officials in the Prevention Police forces of the province to answer questions. Raw data was analyzed in SPSS environment and statistical tests including T test, Anova and Tukey and Dunnet post hoc tests.

According to the results of T-test, the indicators of "body" and "urban activity" on the Ekbatan plaza are in an undesirable situation, and according to the results of Anova and Tukey and Dunnet post hoc tests, in case Ekbatan plaza project is revised to improve safety and security, it comes out these two components have a more effective function compared with other indicators

The security feeling is some sort of sociological issue and some sort of social obligation that goes beyond individual issues, but acts as a structural and collective element. Although security/insecurity feeling, is an individual issue, it is a reflection of collective forces or a representation of environmental and social issues, and accordingly it is in relation with the structure, social contexts, institutions and organizations of the social system, especially the performance of law enforcement agencies (police, etc.) In general, the present study is aimed to investigate and explain the impact of community-oriented police performance on citizens' security feeling.

The present research is of survey type, and in terms of applied aim and extent of generalization, has been implemented extensively. To ensure the validity of the questionnaire and to measure the reliability of the scales content validity and structural validity, factor analysis technique and, Cronbach's alpha coefficient have been used. The statistical population of the study was citizens living in the east of Tehran province ranging from 15 to 64; and the number of samples was 384 and were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling method.

The results of the statistical indices indicate that significant relationship, in general, the level of population security of the under study population is of moderate level. The results of the Pearson test indicates that  there is significant relationship  between components of community-oriented police(contribution-orientation, trust building, supporting vulnerable  groups, adherence to moral and professional values, public satisfaction from police performance, crime prevention, police performance in dealing with crime, fear of crime, public education and respect for civil rights) and citizens' security feeling. The results of regression analysis and path analysis indicate that %56 of the societal security feeling variance has been explained and given the significance of Fisher statistic; it can be argued that the sum of the mentioned independent variables has had a significant impact factor on the path mode

The existing urban spaces do not meet the requirements of children's daily activities, because in the modern city, private spaces such as apartments, semi-private spaces such as schools; kindergartens and public spaces such as alleys and streets are not safe enough for children to play in. Due to being far from neighborhoods and low per capita, the outdoor spaces near neighborhoods do not meet this need. Obviously, the presence of children in public arenas is of great importance and will lead to their sociability. In this regard, the compatibility of urban spaces to the needs of citizenship from different classes of the society, especially that of children, has been in the focus of attention of experts. Taking into account the above-mentioned problem; the present paper attempts to examine the characteristics of safe Iranian city for children using the approach of societal security for small citizens.

The present research in terms of purpose is of applied type, in terms of nature is of descriptive-analytical type, in terms of research strategy is of secondary-review type and in terms of research method is of quantitative type. Data collection procedure is conducted using a questionnaire. The number of statistical population is 36025 people in 2016. The number of questionnaires was determined to be 380 and was distributed among heads of families in the historical structure of the city using simple random sampling. , While using Smart PLS, the partial least squares method was used to analyze the research data.

The analytical findings of the study showed that the component "appropriate design of behavioral requirements and behavioral patterns of children 5 to 12 years" with the highest external load (0.955) has the highest correlation with the component "social security of children in the city". As a result, by making the city safer and increasing the security factor of public spaces through proper design of space appropriate to the needs and behavioral patterns of children, a suitable and child-friendly atmosphere can be created in the city. Also, studies of the path coefficient showed that the design of play space in accordance with the tastes of different groups for the presence of all people has been the most effective factor to strengthen social security. Also, in addition to the complementary role in strengthening the structures of a safe city, especially the variable (space design for all), the component of permanence and pause of citizens will strengthen and increase the security of children in the city of Zanjan. Finally, in order to improve the social security of children, suggestions were made for the research findings.