نشریه مطالعات جنسیت و خانواده
پیاپی 1 (پاییز و زمستان 1392)

This research investigates the quality of superiority of men in the jurisprudence of Shi’ah and tries to answer to this question whether the quality of superiority is executive or a kind of guardianship. To answer to this question, the first two verses of “superiors (qavvamun)” and “rank (darajeh)” are investigated. Then the narrations stating the relationship between husband and wife and the regulations related to it are analyzed on the basis of document and cause. Finally, the works of superiority in the diverse jurisprudential issues are reviewed. These studies clarify that the quality of superiority is a kind of jurisprudential guardianship in which the idea of husband will be significant in some wife’s affairs.

Divorce as a social issue in Iran has experienced lots of changes during the previous decades. In the present article, these changes are investigated considering the mode of their social development. To state the diverse dimensions of changes in the social structure of divorce in Iran, the theoretical “analytic- realistic” model as one of the most efficient theoretical models has been utilized in this article as well. The fundamental theory in this model is the “desire-based theory of action” being developed and explained by Parsons in the first phase of his trials on his theories. One of the advantages of this pattern is the emphasis on the diverse conceptual and objective dimensions. In this regard, the data related to divorce in the recent decades in Iran has been meaningful regarding the view of Iranian activists. The main method to analyze the data is the “secondary analysis”. The base of providing the data analysis is the data of macro and generally national researches having been done previously. On the basis of the aforementioned model and utilizing the secondary analysis, it has been studied the objective and conceptual dimensions of divorce as well the change in view point model concerning divorce regarding the extensive indexes and referring to the national data.

The present writing has been an investigation of the students’ view related to the opposite sex and the role of “self recognition” and “relationship with family” in this regard. This research is a qualitative one done through an interview with 30 students of Shahid Beheshti University (12 males and 18 females). The result of findings shows that in regard with the relationship with the opposite sex, the students are classified within two groups. The group that considers the existence of relationship necessary and one that doesn’t. The students belonging to the first group emphasize on the existence of relationship in various “cognitive”, “emotional” and “gender” dimensions. Whereas, to the majority of these students the quality of their relationship with their families has been “cold”, “limited” and “without emotional support”. This group of students has mentioned that their cognition has been achieved through the comparison with the others particularly their friends. The students who have not considered the existence of relationship as a necessary issue but under some specific conditions are divided into two subgroups of “cognitive” and “emotional”. Although the parents of both subgroups were against the students’ relationship with the opposite sex, the family relationship of the students belonging to “cognitive relationship” was “warm and deep” while the family relationship of the students belonging to “emotional relationship” was “warm but limited”. The students who believe in merely cognitive relationship and the students who believe in emotional relationship have reported the source of their cognition through the self observation and the others’ reflection respectively.

The present writing has been an investigation of the students’ view related to the opposite sex and the role of “self recognition” and “relationship with family” in this regard. This research is a qualitative one done through an interview with 30 students of Shahid Beheshti University (12 males and 18 females). The result of findings shows that in regard with the relationship with the opposite sex, the students are classified within two groups. The group that considers the existence of relationship necessary and one that doesn’t. The students belonging to the first group emphasize on the existence of relationship in various “cognitive”, “emotional” and “gender” dimensions. Whereas, to the majority of these students the quality of their relationship with their families has been “cold”, “limited” and “without emotional support”. This group of students has mentioned that their cognition has been achieved through the comparison with the others particularly their friends. The students who have not considered the existence of relationship as a necessary issue but under some specific conditions are divided into two subgroups of “cognitive” and “emotional”. Although the parents of both subgroups were against the students’ relationship with the opposite sex, the family relationship of the students belonging to “cognitive relationship” was “warm and deep” while the family relationship of the students belonging to “emotional relationship” was “warm but limited”. The students who believe in merely cognitive relationship and the students who believe in emotional relationship have reported the source of their cognition through the self observation and the others’ reflection respectively.

In view of the scholars of jurisprudence and Islamic law, considering any condition at the time of marriage contract having the public conditions of appropriateness will be acceptable. Now this question is raised concerning the wife considering the condition of “limited fixity” at the time of marriage contract. The answer to this question requires the investigation of identity and the demand of the quality of marriage contract. Through the descriptive- analytical method, the present writing tries to prove that the fixity has not been included in marriage contract, but it is the demand of its absoluteness. Since there exists numerous works each of them can be considered the justification in favor of the appropriateness of marriage contract. In this regard, the right of fixity at the time of marriage contract will be adjustable. Since the condition should not be the negation of right, the omission of any fixity from marital life includes the article 959 of the civil law and it is the negater of favorable effect of marriage contract and it does not adjust with conventional concept of marriage. In the contemporary life in which many women like men vigorously participate in the social and economical activities, the answer to the demands of husband is not easy in regard with fixity at any time. Thus to prevent any dispute related to the commitments of fixity, the wife can limit the demands of husband utilizing the condition in time of marriage contract.

Via the approach of Islamic sociology, this article states the cause and the application of gender, vocation and property. The normal approach of Islam towards the women’s vocation, the causal statement of the vocational discrimination of man and woman, the applied analysis of vocational differences of man and woman, the normal approach of Islam towards women’s property as well as the statement of gender differences of properties will be the main issues of this article.Among each of the issues of the article, via a brief point to the sociological approaches particularly feministic approach and then the statement of Islam’s view, it has been provided the ground for the comparison of Islamic approach with the opponent approaches. The findings of the study are briefly stated as the following: The Islamic approach relying on the distinguished principles of epistemology and anthology, taking benefit from the positive points of sociological theories of gender, and abstaining from their ideological necessities, it presents a statement along with numerous reasons on the basis of which the following three-dimensional elements in gender discrimination will be effective: 1. innate backgrounds which represent in the natural differences of man and woman; 2. direct elements being identified as cultural elements 3. indirect or complementary elements such as sociableness’, lawful and economical elements Through an applied view, the gender discrimination in vocation is stated on the basis of it major social functions such as the strength of family, providing mental peace of wives as well as raising healthy and deserved off springs.